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ADVERBS 


HORACE    AND    JUVENAL, 


A  DISSERTATION 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE    DEGREE    OF 
DOCTOR    OF    PHILOSOPHY. 


ALFRED  [kA^BY,  Jr. 


OF   VIRGINIA, 


/-;.-'     O?  THE        ^^ 


o** 


'dim-^ 


BALTIMORE: 
1891. 


ADVERBS 


HORACE    AND    JUVENAL 


A  DISSERTATION 

'RESENTED  TO  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE    DEGREE    OF 
DOCTOR    OF    PHILOSOPHY. 


ALFRED  BAGBY,  Jr. 

OF    VIRGINIA. 


ALTIMORE: 
1891. 


'RESS  OF  THE  FRIEDENWALD  CO 
BALTIMORE, 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction, 


PAGE 
I 


I.   As  TO  Form  : 

1.  Adverbs  in  -tivi  and  ■siiii, 

2.  Adverbs  in  -uw, 
T,.   Adverbs  in  -orsus,  ■orsitiii 

4.  Adverbs  in  -ciiviquc, 

5.  Adverbs  in  -ter, 

6.  Adverbs  in  -/  and  -e, 

7.  Adverbs  in  -o  and  -<?, 

8.  Adverbs  in  -tetiiis, 

9.  Adverbs  with  prepositional  prefix 
ID.   Prepositional  Adverbs 
1 1.  Other  Adverbs, 


II.  As  TO  Use: 

1.  Adverbs  of  Place,  .... 

2.  Adverbs  of  Time,  .... 

3.  Adverbs  of  Manner  and  Degree, 

4.  Adverbs  of  Chance,        .... 

5.  Comparative  with  the  force  of  the  positive, 

6.  Doubling  of  Adverbs,    .... 

7.  Other  Adverbs 

III.  Substitutes  for  Adverbs: 

1.  Adjectives, 

2.  Adverbial  Phrases,  .... 


Index, 


^9958 


e<^ 


Bibliography  and  Abbreviations. 

For  Horace :  Index  of  Zangemeister  (Bentley's  Horace,  U  ; 
Berlin,  1869);  Dictionary  of  Koch;  editions  of  the  Satires,  of 
Fritzsche  (Leipsic,  1875),  Schiitz  (BerUn,  1881),  Palmer  (London, 
1883),  Kiessling  (Berlin,  1886),  Orelli  (Berlin,  1890);  editions  of 
the  Epistles,  of  Schiitz  (Berlin,-  1883),  Wilkins  (London,  1885), 
Kiessling  (Berlin,  1889) ;  dissertations  of  Waltz,  Langue  et  Me- 
trique  d' Horace  (Paris,  188 1);  Beste,  De  generis  dicendi  inter 
Horatii  carmina  sermonesq^ie  discrir)iine  (Miinster,  1876) ;  Brand, 
Intersitne  alignid  inter  Q.  Horatii  Flacci  satiras  et  eiusdem 
epistolas,  et  gziid  id  sit,  guaeriiur  (Czernowitz,  1874). 

For  Juvenal:  Jahn's  Index  (Jahn's  Juvenal,  Berlin,  1851);  edi- 
tions of  Mayor  (London,  1886),  Jahn-Buecheler  (Berlin,  1886), 
Weidner  (Leipsic,  1889);  dissertation  of  Weise,  Vindiciae  luven- 
alianae  (Halle,  1884). 

General :  Lexica  of  Harper,  White  and  Riddle,  Forcellini,  and 
Klotz;  indices  to  all  the  Latin  authors  of  Lemaire's  Bibliotheca 
Classica  Latina  (in  this  series  the  indices  to  Plautus,  Terence, 
Pliny  the  Elder,  Juvenal  appear  to  be  well-nigh  complete,  those 
to  other  authors  more  or  less  defective)  ;  Merquet's  Lexica  to 
Cicero's  Orations  and  to  Caesar  ;  Koch's  Dictionaries  to  Nepos  and 
Vergil ;  Burmann's  Index  to  Ovid,  Friedlander's  to  Martial  (Fried- 
lander's  Martial,  Leipsic,  1886);  Gerber  and  Greef's  Lexicon  to 
Tacitus  (first  nine  fascicles).  Some  fifteen  other  indices  to  minor 
authors. 

Dr.  =  Draeger's  Historische  Syntax  der  Lateinischen  Sprache 
(Leipsic,  1878).  Neue=:Neue's  Formenlehre  der  Lateinischen 
Sprache  (Berlin,  1877).  Reisig  =  Reisig's  Laieinische  Sprach- 
wissenschaft  (Schmalz  and  Landgraf,  Berlin,  1888).  Krebs  = 
Krebs'  Antibarbarus  der  Lateinischen  Sprache  (Basel,  1888). 
Hand  =  Hand's  Tursellinus  (Leipsic,  1829).  h.xc\\\\  =  Archiv 
fiir  Lateinische  Lexicographic  tmd  Grammatik. 


A  COMPARATIVE  STUDY  OF  THE  ADVERBS  OF 
HORACE  AND  JUVENAL. 

Introduction. 

It  is  the  object  of  this  paper  to  show,  in  a  comparative  way, 
the  use  of  adverbs  in  the  Satires  and  Epistles  of  Horace  and 
in  Juvenal,  and  to  discuss  the  various  uses  of  the  words  singly 
when  such  treatment  seems  desirable.  I  shall  first  compare  the 
adverbs  as  to  form  and  then  as  to  syntax. 

The  diction  and  syntax  of  the  Satires  and  Epistles  of  Horace 
offer  peculiar  difficulties.  The  language  is  not  that  of  prose,  nor 
of  poetry,  nor  yet  of  common  life,  but  a  blending  of  all  three. 
Juvenal's  style  in  turn,  while  in  general  nearer  the  prose  norm 
than  that  of  the  average  poet,  yet  at  times  presents  exceedingly 
unusual  positions  and  constructions.  The  rhetorical  element,  too, 
must  be  considered  constantly. 

As  regards  the  vocabulary,  it  will  be  found  that  Horace  is  much 
broader  than  the  later  satirist,  using  many  adverbs  not  occurring 
in  Juvenal,  whereas  the  latter  employs  comparatively  few  not 
found  in  Horace.  This  is  due  mainly  to  two  reasons.  First, 
Horace  is  much  freer  in  the  use  of  rare  words,  and  not  infrequently 
coins  new  adverbs  to  suit  his  purpose.  Again,  the  prose  ^  and 
vulgar  element,  more  especially  in  the  Satires,^  in  Horace  allows 
words  not  to  be  found  in  poetical  or  urbane  diction.  As  regards 
also  the  number  of  times  the  single  words  occur,  Horace's  use  is 
larger  than  that  of  Juvenal  in  almost  every  class  of  adverbs. 
Certain  adverbs  of  place  are  a  noteworthy  exception — due  to  the 
free  use  of  these  words  by  Juvenal  to  express  time  and  other 
relations.  This  usage  is  commonly  in  keeping  with  the  general 
post-Augustan  development. 

1  Horace  S.  i.  4'^  neque  si  qui  scribat  uti  nos  sermoni  propriora,  putes  hunc 
esse  poetam. 

2As  regards  the  difference  in  the  diction  of  the  Satires  and  llpistje^' <,onsult 
Brand,  Intersitne  aliquid  inter  Q.  Horatii  Flacci  satiras  et  eiusdein  ■epi-siola'r-,  «f 
quid  id  sit,  quaeritur  (Czernowitz,  1874). 


As  far  as  the  syntax  of  the  two  authors  appears  from  their  use 
of  adverbs,  as  would  naturally  be  expected,  Juvenal  is  much 
further  removed  from  the  classical  prose  norm  than  Horace. 

In  the  course  of  this  comparison  surprising  differences  will  be 
seen  in  the  vocabularies  of  the  two  authors  in  the  case  of  some 
common  word?.  Thus,  eo  occurs  9  times  in  Horace,  not  once  in 
Juvenal ;  simul  and  frustra  27  and  8  times,  respectively,  in 
Horace,  not  once  in  Juvenal ;  ita,  qui,  nimis,  turn  23,  15,  6,  15 
times,  respectively,  in  Horace,  and  4,  o,  i,  3  times,  respectively, 
in  Juvenal. 

To  the  contrary,  tunc,  inde,  illic,  quotiens,  pariter,  ibi  occur 
34,  40,  17,  19,  II,  7  times,  respectively,  in  Juvenal,  and  3,  8,  4,  3, 

4,  o  times  in  Horace.  Where  such  a  difference  exists,  I  have 
made  an  effort  to  find  a  substitute  of  the  author  using  the  word 
the  smaller  number  of  times,  and  why  the  adverb  was  avoided,  if 
it  was  avoided.  In  the  case  of  several  words  this  effort  has-  been 
fruitless.  Why  does  Juvenal  not  use  frusira,  simul,  niviium  ? 
What  does  he  use  instead  oi  frustra,  nimhim,  qui,prope'^.  Why 
does  Horace  totally  avoid  z'^z?  What  does  he  use  instead  oi  ibi 
and  illic  ? 

In  the  Satires  and  Epistles  of  Horace  there  are  4071  verses,  in 
Juvenal  3840  verses.     The  proportion,  then,  is  nearly  as  25  :  24. 

1. — As  TO  Form. 
I.  Adverbs  in  -tim  ^;z^-sim. 

In  consideration  of  the  period  of  the  two  authors,  these  adverbs 
would  be  expected  to  be  more  numerous  in  H.  than  in  J.  (Dr.  I 
117),  but  H.  uses  II  occurring  18  times,  J.  2  occurring  5  times. 
H,  uses ;  certatint  once,  confestim  once,  furtiin  5  times,  pas- 
sim \^N\CQ,  paiilatirn  X.vj\ce.,  praesertitn  twice,  raptim  once,  singul- 
tini  once,  tribuii7}i  once,  vicissim  once,  viritini  once. 

J.  uses  :  paulatitji  4  times,  praesertim  once.  I  find  no  reason 
for  J.'s  avoiding  y>^r/zV;z,  passim,  raptim,  if  he  did  avoid  them. 
These  words  occur  in  contemporary  poets.  Certatim  and  co?i- 
festim  ^  I  find  in  silver  poetry  only  Luc.  4^^*  and  4^^".  Singultim 
appears  first  H.  S.  i.  6^",  and  not  again  until  Appuleius.    Tribiitim 

5.  2.  i"^  is  aua^  XeyoiJ-epov  in  poetry.  Viriti?fi  Ep.  2.  i®'-  occurs  else- 
where, in  poetry  only  in  Plautus  and  Lucr,  2""'. 

^Confestivi,  occurring  several  times  in  Lucretius  and  Catullus,  is  rare  in  the 
AugusUn  poeic.   H.  Ep.  i.  12^,  Verg.  A.  9^^'. 


2,  Adverbs  in  -um. 

Of  this  class  of  adverbs  H.  uses  i8  occurring  109  times,  J.  16 
occurring' 60  times.'  These  forms  are  in  their  origin  adverbial 
accusatives.  They  have,  however,  the  force  of  adverbs  and  are 
to  be  regarded  as  such.-  The  usage  is  by  no  means  foreign  to 
English,  in  which  language  it  is  poetical  and  vulgar.^ 

H.  uses :  acutum.  S.  i.  3"'  cur  .  .  .  tarn  cernis  acuhcm.  8". 
This  word,  found  several  times  in  Plautus,  occurs  twice  in  Terence, 
Cic.  Phil.  12.  II.  26,  Verg.  A.  9'"*,  Livy  29.  14.  5.  aeternum. 
Ep.  I.  10"  serviet  aeternum.  This  word  occurs  in  Vergil  5  times, 
Ovid  T.  5.  3",  M.  6^'"",  Tac.  An.  3.  26,  12.  28,  Suet.  Tib.  34,  and 
in  Statins  and  Sidonius.  cerhmi.  S.  2.  5'"  cerium  vigilans.  CI. 
Ovid  Her.  10^  incertum  vigilans.  S.  2.  6''.  decorum.  Ep.  i.  f' 
dulce  loqui  .  .  .  ridere  decoricm.  This  word  appears  to  be  fka^ 
Xeyo/^evoi/  here,     indocium.^     Ep.  2.  2"  canet  indoctum. 

longum.  A.  P.  459  '  succurrite '  longum  clamet,  '  io  cives,'  1.  e. 
so  as  to  be  heard  from  afar.  Wilkins  compares  ^laKphv  avaeu  Horn. 
II.  r  81. 

\x\J.:aestivum.  \/\-''' aesiivwn  \.o\\aX.  altum.  i^'' alium  dor - 
miiet.  horre7idum.  6'*^  intonet  horrendum.  longum.  6'" 
Ionium  attendit.  This  adverb  occurs  Plant.  Ep.  3.  2".  Ps.  2.  3-', 
Verg.  A.  io'^°,  Ov.  M.  s'\  Stat.  Th.  ']-^\  io"\ 

rectum.     3"'  si  rectum  minxit  amicus.* 

3.  Adverbs  in  -orsum. 

In  H. :  dcxlrors2im.  S.  2.  3^^"  dextrorsum  abit.  introrsum.  S. 
2.  i"^  introrsum  turpis.  Ep.  i.  16''.  quorsum—^  times,  retror- 
S21771.  Ep.  I.  I'K  I8'^  ne  mutata  reirorsum  te  ferat  aura,  siuis- 
irorsum.     S.  2.  3°°. 

J.  uses  no  word  of  this  termination.^ 

The  comparative  frequency  of  the  occurrence  of  words  of  this 
ending  in  Plautus,  their   small  use  by   Cicero   and   the  almost 

'  Only  such  words  are  treated  below  as  appear  to  need  comment,  because  of 
their  being  rare. 

''■  Notice  H.  S.  2.  6-'  clare  certumque  locuto.  \i  }>inltwii  and  nimium  have  the 
force  of  adverbs,  these  words  have. 

••'  Cf.  "monstrous  wise,"  '' szuift  swimming  space,"  and  similar  expressions. 

••For  a  full   discussion  of  this    class  of  adverbs   in    Latin    consult    Reisig 

N.  555- 

^ Prorsus.rurstivi  and  rursus  are  not  counted— the  ending  being  no  longei 

felt  in  the  case  of  those  words. 


entire  absence  of  them  from  his  Orations,  and  their  rarity  in  the 
best  poetry^  point  to  their  origin  in  the  sermo  vulgaris. 

4,  Adverbs  zV^'-cumque. 

H.  uses ;  quacumque  S.  i.  6'^''  ^". 

quaridoczwiqice  S.  i.  9''%  Ep.  i.  14^',  16*. 

qiiocumque  S.  2.  4**,  Ep.  i.  i'",  A.  P.  100. 

ubicumque  S.  i.  2*'^  Ep.  i.  3"^ 

J.  uses  :  qitocumque  14-".     ttbicumqiie  4''".     utcumque  lO"'^ 

Where  qzcandoainique  might  have  been  employed  J.  uses  a)  si 
qiiando  3"^  ipsa  .  .  .  coHtur  si  quando  theatro  maiestas.     \t\ 

b)  q2wtiens  2^^^  Curius  quid  sentit  .  .  .  quotiens  hinc  talis  ad 
illos  umbra  venit  ?  3«'  ''''■  ""'  ''\  5'''  ''%  6''  ^^»'  '"'■  ''\  f''\  g"-  "\  10", 

14". 

5.  Adverbs  in  -ter.- 

Of  these  H.  uses  25  occurring  43  times ;  J.  but  10  occurring  23 
times. 

The  following  not  used  by  H.  occur  in  J. :  breviter,  civiliier, 
graviter,  populariier,  violenter.  Populariter  (3'")  occurs  five 
times  in  Cicero.  The  only  example  I  find  elsewhere  is  Quint. 
12.  9.  2. 

Not  used  by  J.  and  occurring  in  H.  are  :  acriter,  aniabiliter, 
comimmiter ,  constanter,  convenienter,  decenier,Jideliter,frugaliter, 
inaniier,  inpariter,  insolabiter,  largiter,  leniter,  leviier,  loqiiaciier, 
vtediocriier,  patienter^  prodigialiier,  socialiter,  verniliter,  and 
viriliter. 

It  will  be  noted  that  of  these  19  words  14  are  of  more  than  3 
syllables.  The  use  of  these  long,  and  in  most  cases  rare,  adverbs 
is  one  of  the  characteristics  of  the  style  of  the  Epistles  of  H. 
With  the  exception  oi  frugaliter'^  commumter ^  and  veniilHer!' 
they  are  confined  to  the  Epistles ;  and,  excepting  commimiter 
■dind  patienter,  occur  but  once.*^ 

1  In  the  poets  from  Catullus  to  Juvenal  I  find  only  H.  Od.  i.  34^  4.  8'^ 
Epod.  g^",  Verg.  A.  3690,  Ov.  M.  is^^®,  F.  4«%  Pers.  5^,  Luc.  (f=\  Val.  3'^«8. 

^H.  Osthoff  (Archiv  IV,  pp.  455-466,  reported  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Philology  X,  pp.  4S4-4S5)  holds  these  adverbs  to  be  derived  from  the  corres- 
ponding adjective  -\-iter.     Cf.  our  straightway. 

3  S.  I.  41"^  *  Epod.  1615,  Ep.  I.  213.  5  S.  2.  6i«^ 

^I  note  also  the  frequency  with  which  adjectives  in  -His  and  -abilis  occur  in 
the  Ep.  Thus  i.  7?^  immersabilis,  2*^  volubilis,  iS'^  inrevocabilis,  ig^^,  ao^^^  2.  i^"**, 
2I32, 179^  ^  p^  ^2j_  J 23,  206,  368,  40S.  Cf.  Waltz,  Langue  et  Metriqtu  d' Horace, 
p.  67. 


5 

Inpariter,  insolabiliter,  and  socialiier  were  coined  by  H.,  and 
are  otto^  Xeyoi^em— see  Kiessling-  on  Ep.  i.  14-  and  A.  P.  75,  Schiitz 
on  A.  P.  75  and  258,  and  Dr.  I  1 12.  Insolabiliter  is  a  bold  forma- 
tion. Potenier  (A.  P.  40)  is  arra^  Xeyojxevov  in  the  sense  of  that 
passage,  and  is  a  very  rare  word  (H.  Odes  3.  I6^  Quint.  12.  10", 
Val.  Max.  i.  i.  i).  This  word  appears  to  have  been  coined  by 
H.,  as  was  also  prodigialiter,  another  rare  word.  Verniliter  S. 
2.  G^"*^  appears  to  be  aiva^  XeyojjLeuov  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  there 
used,  and  is  rare. 

From  the  above  it  is  seen  that  there  is  a  broad  difference 
between  H.  and  J.  in  their  use  of  adverbs  in  -ler.  The  statement 
as  to  the  vocabularies  (p.  2)  is  illustrated. 

6.  Adverbs  in  e  and  e. 

The  proportion  of  these  adverbs  in  H.  and  J.— both  as  to  the 
number  of  words  used  and  the  frequency  of  their  occurrence— is 
nearly  as  3  is  to  2. 

In  H. :'  damnose  S.  2.  8'^  gelide  A.  P.  171,  laeve  Ep.  i.  7"-  are 
oIttq^  Xeyo^em.  Sinistrc  A.  P.  452  appears  to  have  been  first  used 
by  H. 

In  /.  .•  here  f':  This  form  is  used  by  Plautus,  Cicero,  Horace, 
Ovid,  Seneca,  and  Martial— who  employs  it  5  times,  heri  twice.' 
Quint  I.  7.  22  :  Here  nunc  e  littera  terminamus.  H.  uses  here 
S.  2.  8\  Neither  H.  nor  J.  uses  heri.  ferine  8",  13="^.  Ferme 
appears  in  all  periods  of  the  language.  It  is  entirely  avoided  by 
Caesar,  Nepos,  and  Cicero  in  the  Orations.  Sallust  uses  it  once. 
Livy  and  Velleius  are  very  fond  oi ferme.  Curtius  uses  it  4.  5.  i, 
9.  8.  30,  and  elsewhere,  Pliny  the  Elder  2.  39.  106.  Tacitus  uses 
ferme  28  times,  fere  but  5  times.  Ferme  is  not  found  in  the 
Dialogus—'iw  which  work  fere  occurs  4  times.*  Schmalz  states 
that/<?r;^/^  was  a  favorite  word  with  the  late  writers.^  In  poetry 
I  find  ferme  only  in  Plautus  and  Terence,  Lucr.  3''*,  and  J.  8", 
IS"*". 

'  Only  such  words  are  mentioned  below  as  appear  to  need  comment. 

-  Priscian  15.  3.  14.  lOll  recognizes  the  form  here  liere. 

■■'  For  examples  and  further  information  see  Neue  II,  p.  685. 

*  Lexicon  Taciteum  of  Gerber  and  Greef,  p.  456.  Draeger,  however,  holds 
that/f/-^  occurs  in  Tacitus  only  once—Dialogus  16.  See  his  Syntax  unci  Sti 
des  Tacitus,  p.  9. 

5  Mliller's  Haudbuch  def  Idassi.  Altertwns'wisscnschaft,  IT,  p.  554. 


7-  Adverbs  in  o  and  6. 

The  proportion  of  this  class  of  adverbs  in  H.  and  J.  is  as  3  is 
to  2,  as  regards  the  number  of  words  used,  and  nearly  the  same 
as  to  the  number  of  times  the  words  occur.  No  word  of  this 
termination  needs  comment. 

8.  Adverbs  in  -tenus.^ 

H.  uses:  hactemcs  S.  i.  2''',  4*^'.  quadam  .  .  .  temis  Ep.  i. 
i'^'".  qitatejius  S.  i.  i''*,  3'",  2.  4''.  Ouadanitenus  is  used  by  PUny 
the  Elder  and  Gellius  (Dr.  I  127).  Other  examples  of  tmesis  in 
H.  are:  inque  vicem  S.  i.  5'","  qxio  .  .  .  cnmque  Ep.  i.  i^^  quo  .  .  . 
circa  S.  2.  6''''. 

J.  uses  only  qicaie?ins  12'"-. 

9.  Adverbs  7viih  prepositional  prefix. 

H.  uses:  abhinc  Ep.  2..  i'".  dehinc  S.  i.  3'"',  A.  P.  144. 
deinde  S.  i.  5'',  6"'',  2.  8'■^  insnper  S.  2.  4''^  in  .  .  .  vicem  S. 
I.  3'".    protimis  S.  2.  5'',  Ep.  i.   12",   18"'.    posihac  S.   i,   i'',  2. 


2' 


postmodo  S.  2.  6"'.  subinde  S.  2.  5'"",  Ep.  i.  8'\ 
Abhinc  appears  to  be  a  prose  word.  I  find  no  other  example 
in  poetry  except  those  in  Plautus,  Terence,  Lucr.  3°'^",  and  Pacuv. 
apud  Caris.  2,  p.  175.  Postmodo^  used  by  H.  Odes  i.  28'^\ 
avoided  by  Vergil,  and  a  favorite  word  with  Ovid,  appears  not  to 
occur  in  silver  poetry.  Siibinde  S.  2.  5'°',  Ep.  i.  8'^  appears  to  be 
used  first  by  H.  and  Livy.* 

J.  uses  dei?ide — T2   times,    posihac  7"^,    8",   14''*.    protinus — 7 
times. 

10.  Prepositional  Adverbs. 

H.  uses:    ante  S.   i.  i"',  2.  3''''.      circum  S.  2.  8".      contra — 9 
times. 

extra  Ep.  2.  i^^     insuper  S.  2.  4"^ 
intra  Ep.  2.  i'"'.'^    post — 8  times. 

'  Protinus  is  not  included. 

-Tmesis  in  this  word  is  common  in  the  poets. 
^  Schmalz,  Ueber  den  Sprachgebrauch  das  Asinitis  Pollio,  p.  42. 
*Dr.  I  126,  Wilkins  to  H.  Ep.  i.  S^^ 

*  Bentley's  emendation  Ep.  2.  i->i  from  nil  intra  est  oleam  to  nil  intra  est  olea 
now  finds  general  acceptation. 


7 
super  S.   I.  2'^  2.  f\  Ep.  2.  2^'^     supra  Ep.  2.  2'«\     7^/^r«;-6 

times.  1  •  11     • 

I  find  no  other  example  of  extra  or  intra  used  adverbially  m 
poetry  except  Ovid  F.  G''— extra.  Cicero  does  not  use  extra 
adverbially  in  his  Orations.  Nepos  does  not  use  it ;  Caesar  only 
B.  C.  3.  69.  4.  Intra  is  very  rare  until  post-Augustan  tmies.  It 
occurs,  however,  in  Sallust,  and  Bellum  Hispa^iiense  35.   ^^ 

J.  uses:  ajite—c)  times,  contra— b  times,  infra  3'^°^  post 
6'"^     ultra— ^  times. 

H.  uses  of  this  class  10  adverbs  occurring  30  times,  J.  5  occur- 
ring 22  times. 

II.  Other  Adverbs. 

AuctiuS    H.  S.  2.  6'   is    "a-na^  \ey6fJi^vou.      dulcC  H.  Ep.   I.  f\  2.  2\ 

Cf.  grande,  suave,  and  triste  below.  This  poetical  use  of  neuter 
adjectives  in  e  as  adverbs  seems  to  have  had  its  origin  with  Catullus 
(5I^  6r),  and  is  most  probably  a  Graecism.  J.  has  only  one  ex- 
ample of  this  usage,  which  occurs  not  infrequently  in  Statius.  For 
its  range  in  Latin  consult  Neue  (Berlin,  1890)  II  591-2.  grande 
(J  6'")  occurs  elsewhere  Ovid  Rem.  Am.  375,  Pers.  5',  Stat.  1  h. 
i2'*\  S.  3.  i^'-  '■".  Cf.  duke  above,  perraro  H.  S.  2.  5^°  and^^r- 
saepe  H.  S.  i.  2'^%  i\  A.  P.  349  are  prose  words.  Where  per- 
saepe  might  have  been  employed,  J.  uses  saepius  6^^'. 

quandoqtcidem  (J.  I"^  io"«,  13"^)  is  not  found  in  H.  suave  H. 
S  I  V«  Cf.  dulce  above,  /rw/^  H.  S.  i.  8^^  Cf  dulce  and 
suave  above,  ^^/z'w  H.  S.  i.  4".  I  ^^d  this  word  elsewhere  only 
in  Terence  and  Cicero. 

II. — As  TO  Use. 
I.  Adverbs  of  Place, 
alio,  H.  2,'  J.  o.     S.  2.  i''  usquam   decurrens  alio.     2"  nam 
frustra  vitium  vitaveris  illud,  si  te  alio  pravum  detorseris. 

eo  H.  9,  J.  o.  a)  Thither.  Ep.  2.  2'"  ibit  eo  quo  vis.  b)  To 
that  degree,  to  such  a  point.  Ep.  2.  i^^«  eo  rem  venturam  ut  .  . 
c)  Causal.  S.  i.  I^^  3^'"  nderi  .  .  .  eo  quod  .  .  .  toga  defluit. 
9^^  2.  3'^"  eo  quod.     A.  P.  222.      For  this  use  of  eo  see  under 

ijide,  p.  42. 

i?^  is  a  prose  word.  I  find  no  example  in  poetry  except  those 
in  Plautus,  Terence,  and  the  S.  and  Ep.  of  H.  Instead  ot  eo 
causal,  J.  uses  Imic  and  inde.     See  under  hinc  c)  and  inde  a). 

1"  H.  2"  means  that  alio  occurs  twice  in  the  S.  and  Ep.  of  H. 


foras,  H.  2,  J.  o.  Ep.  i.  5-^  ne  fidos  inter  amicos  sit  qui  dicta 
foras  eliniinet.     7''. 

foris,  H.  2,  J.  2.  In  H.  :  S.  i.  io'°  patriis  intermiscere  petita 
verba/^/7^.  Schiitz  states,  in  his  note  on  this  passage,  that  foris 
in  this  sense,  "from  without,  from  abroad,"  is  found  in  Plautus 
often.  It  occurs  Lucr.  4'«•'^  5^*^  6",  Cic.  Or.  2.  39.  163,  2.  40. 
173,  Inv.  I.  II.  15,  Tusc.  3.  3.  6,  Nep.  Dion  9.  6.  A  foris  occurs 
PHny  17.  24.  227. 

hac  H.  2,  J.  o.  S.  2.  2''*  /^<3;<;  urget  lupus,  hac  canis.  Ep.  2.  2'^ 
/^ac  fugit  canis,  hac  ruit  sus.  In  post-Augustan  Latin  I  find  hac 
only  Phaedr.  Fab.  Nov.  27.  8,  Pliny  Ep.  2.  17.  18,  5.  6.  19,  and 
Stat.  Th.  6-".'  Instead  of  hac  .  .  .  hac  J.  uses  illinc  .  .  .  hinc, 
inde  .  .  .  hinc.     See  under  hinc  in  J.  e). 

hie,  H.  17,  J.  25.  In  T^..-  a)  Of  time,  ''here;'  ''  at  this  pointy 
S.  I.  9'  hie  ego,  'pluris  hoc,'  inquam,  '  mihi  eris.'  9^®,  2,  8'V 
b)  In  this,  in  this  thing.  S.  i.  10-  et  est  quaedam  tamen  hie 
quoque  virtus,  c)  ubi  .  .  .  hie.  S.  2.  3"'  ergo  ubi  prava  stul- 
titia,  hie  summa  est  insania. 

In  /.  .•  a)  Nere,  at  this  point  {of  time),  a)  above.  i'^°  dices 
/izV  forsitan  'unde  .  .  .'  15*'  hie  gaudere  libet  quod  non  viola- 
verit  ignem.  b)  Among  them.  2""-  "^  hie  nullus  verbis  pudor 
.  .  .,  hie  turpis  Cybeles  .  .  .  libertas.  c)  hi  anaphora.  2'"'-  "'. 
hinc,  H.  14,  J.  19.  In  H. :  a)  With  pendere.  S.  i.  4"  hinc 
omnis  pendet  Lucilius.  Hand  quotes  Varro  R.  R.  3.  i.  10  de 
qiiibus  exponendis  initium  capiam  hinc.  Cf  Schiitz  on  S.  i.  4". 
bj  From  this,  from  these.  S.  i.  2™  nihil  /^mc  diffindere  possum. 
2.  2^"  quantum  hinc  imminnet?,  i.  e.  from  my  possessions.  A.  P. 
318.  c)  Of  cause,  source.  Ep.  i.  19*^  hinc  illae  lachrimae.  This 
passage  being  a  quotation,  it  may  be  said  that  H.  avoids  this 
usage,  d)  —turn, postea.  S.  i.  9"  'Maecenas  quomodo  tecum?' 
hinc  repetit.  Hinc  in  this  sense  occurs  Pers.  3'°\  and  in  Pliny 
the  Elder,  Tacitus,  and  other  silver  writers. 

In  /.  .•  a)  For  ex  his.  15"'  labitur  hinc  quidam.  b)  From 
this,  b)  above.  7"^  veram  deprendere  messem  si  libet,  hinc 
centum  patrimonia  causidicorum.  c)  Of  cause  or  source,  c)  above. 
i""  quid  facient  comites  quibus  hi7ic  toga,  calceus  hinc  est  ?,  i.  e. 
from  the  sportula.      i"*  hinc  subitae  mortes.      6"^^    10^"*,    12^", 

1  The  Vulgate  reading  Tac.  Agr.  28  is  no  longer  accepted.  In  both  the 
passages  from  Pliny  the  MSS  vary. 

'^  Y ox  hie,  ibi,  inde— turn  in  Catullus  see  Overholthaus,  Syntaxis  Catullianae 
Capita  Duo,  p.  15. 


14"-'.  This  use  of  hinc  occurs  first  in  Ten  And.  99;  then  in 
Cicero,  Vergil,  Livy,  and  (more  frequently)  post-classical  authors. 
.  Dr.  II  185.  d)  From  this  time,  after  tJiat}  6^^'^  nullum  crimen 
abest  ...  ex  quo  paupertas  Romana  perit,  Imic  fluxit  ad  istos  et 
Sybaris  colles.  This  usage  is  found  in  Vergil,  and  in  post- 
Augustan  prose  and  poetry.  Hand  III,  p.  91,  where  see  exam- 
ples, e)  hinc  aiqtie  inde,  inde  .  .  .  atque  hinc,  hide  .  .  .  hiric, 
etc.  i®^  hinc  atque  inde  patens,  i.  e.  on  both  sides.  8""^  finge 
tamen  gladios  inde  atque  hinc  pulpita  poni,  i.  e.  balance  death 
against  the  stage.  \o'' illinc  .  .  .hinc.  14"  inde  .  .  .  hinc,ixom 
this  quarter  .  .  .  from  that.  15^^^  inde  .  .  .  liinc,  on  one  side  .  .  . 
on  the  other.  Hinc  occurs  in  no  similar  combination  in  H.  The 
usage  belongs  to  all  periods.  Hand  III,  p.  87  fol.  f)  In  ana- 
phora. 6'^^  11^-'.  One  of  the  characteristics  of  J. 's  declamatory 
style  is  his  frequent  use  of  anaphora.'-*  In  this  figure  he  uses  also 
these  adverbs:  hie  i"",  iam  3'®^  4^",  inde  8^*'^  nonduni  6'^  qita 
7''^\  guando,  i*',  quo  8"',  sic  6^^",  ianqiiam  4"',  taniimi  f'^,  tunc 
3'",  imde  2'-'.     Weise,   Vindiciae  Jzivenalianae,  p.  46. 

hue,  H.  g,  J.  3.     H.  uses  hue  in  the  Ep.  only  A.  P.  462. 

Iny;  .•  3™-  sic  inde  h7ic  omnes  tanquam  ad  vivaria  currunt ;  hue 
here=to  Rome. 

ibi,  H.  o,  J.  7.     H.  uses  ibi  only  Od.  2.  6". 

In  J.  :  a)  =amo7i^  them  at  that  time.  6'-*  O  quantus  tunc 
illis  mentibus  ardor  concubitus ;  ...  nil  ibi  per  ludum  simula- 
bitur.  b)  =m  that  case.  8"  sed  venale  pecus  Coryphaei  pos- 
teritas  ...  si  rara  iuga  victoria  sedit :  nil  ibi  maiorum  respectus. 

I  find  no  reason  for  H.'s  avoiding  ibi\  nor  can  I  discover  any 
substitute  for  it. 

ibidem,  H.  o,  J.  i.  5'"  tibi  non  committitur  aurum,  vel  si 
quando  datur,  custos  adfixus  ibidem,  i.  e.  at  once,  immediately. 
Ibidem  in  this  sense  is  found  Fin.  1.6.  19  and  elsewhere  in  Cicero, 
and  the  word  is  classical  in  both  prose  and  poetry. 

illic,  H.  4,  J.  17.  In  H.:  With  no  definite  antecedent.  S.  i. 
9^  non  isto  vivimus,  illic  .  .  .  modo,  i.  e.  at  the  house  of  Ma- 
caenas. 

J.'s  use  of  adverbs  of  place  derived  from  personal  pronouns  is 
widely  different  from  that  of  H.     This   difference  may  be  sum- 

'  Servius  ad  A.  i'"*  /ivtc  pro  inde  vel  post. 

■^.See  the  numerous  examples  cited  by  Weise,  Vindiciae  Jtivenalianae,  p. 
45  ff.    . 


lO 

marily  stated  to  be  that  J.  departs  further  from  the  original  local 
meaning  of  these  words.  It  is  well  illustrated  in  the  two  authors' 
use  of  illic. 

In  J.  :  a)  =among  them  then,  v'^  posita  sed  luditur  area, 
proelia  quanta  illic  .  .  .  videbis.  Cf.  idi  a)  above,  b)  =:i?i  that 
case.  15^*  sed  res  diversa,  sed  illic  fortunae  invidia  est.  Cf  ibi 
b)  above,  c)  With  no  definite  antecedent.  3"*  nee  tamen  Antio- 
chus  nee  erit  mirabilis  illic  aut  Stratocles,  i.  e.  in  Greece — to  be 
inferred  from  the  mention  of  Greek  actors.  2^"",  3^™,  6"'\  I3''\ 
15^'^  d)  Not  essential  to  the  meaning,  but  adding  dramatic  force. 
5'^  finge  tamen  te  inprobulum  ;  superest  illic  qui  ponere  cogat. 
6^®  pusio  .  .  .  exigit  a  te  nulla  iacens  illic  munuscula.  Here  too, 
as  in  c)  above,  there  is  no  definite  antecedent,  e)  illic  .  .  .  hie  .  .  . 
illic.  15".  f)  In  that,  in  it.  10''^*  sive  est  haec  Oppia  si\e 
Catulla  deterior,  talos  habet  illic  femina  mores. 

illinc,  H.  I,  J.  4.  In/..-  10^^  illinc  .  .  .  hinc.  See  under //z7/<; 
in  J.  e). 

illuc,  H.  5,  J.  3.  In  H. :  a)  —to  that  point — in  the  narrative. 
S.  I.  i"*  illuc  unde  abii  redeo.  2'"'  si  quis  nunc  quaerat  quo  res 
haec  pertinet,  illuc -.^  dum  vitant  .  .  .  With  this  sentence  of  H. 
cf.  J.  15'-  a  deverticulo,  repetatur  fabula.  b)  To  the  followbig,  to 
this.  S.  I.  3''®  illuc  praevertamur  amatorem  quod  amicae  turpia 
decipiunt. 

H.  uses  hue  literally  8  out  of  9  times  of  its  occurrence  ;  illuc 
twice  out  of  5  times. 

In  y.  .•  12*'  tunc  adversis  urgentibus  ilbic  reccidit  ut  malum 
ferro  submitteret. 

inde,  H.  8,  J.  40.  In  H. :  a)  Fro77i  this  cause.  S.  i.  i"'  inde 
fit  ut  .  .  .  Cf  eo  fit  .  .  .  ut  S.  I.  I"^  quo  fit  S.  2.  i^'.  Lager- 
gren,  De  Vita  et  Elocutione  Plinii,  p.  169,  doubts  whether  i7ide 
causal  occurs  before  the  silver  period.  It  is  manifestly  causal  in 
the  above  passage  from  H.,  as  also  Cic.  Mur.  12.  26,  Livy  i.  32.  2, 
25.  15.  16.^  b)  From  that  time,  after  that?  S.  i.  8^.  olim  truncus 
eram  .  .  .  deus  inde  ego.  hide  in  this  sense  occurs  Ter.  Heaut. 
I.  i",  Cic.  Arch.  i.  i,  and  in  Livy  arid  post- Augustan  writers.  For 
examples  consult  Hand  III,  p.  366.     Cf  inde  ab   Plant.  Trin.  2. 

^For  examples  of  illuc  in  this  sense  consult  Hand  III,  pp.  217-18.  The 
usage  belongs  to  all  periods. 

-Cf.  Hand  III,  pp.  364  and  370.  Hand  seems  wrong  in  citing  Ov.  M.  2^^-. 
See  also  Krebs  II,  p.  659. 

3  So  Kiessling  on  S.  i.  8^ 


II 

2",  Capt.  3.  4"',  Ten  Heaut.  i.  2.  9,  Cic.  N.  D.  2.  48.  124.  c)  For 
him,  posiea.  S.  2.  6^**  haec  ubi  dicta  agrestem  pepulere,  domo 
levis  exsilit;  hide  ambo  propositum  peragunt  iter.  For  this  usage 
see  under  hide  in  J.  b).  d)  From  it,  out  of  it.  S.  i.  S"*^  cruor  in 
fossani  confusiis  ut  hide  manis  elicerent. 

lay..-  a)  From  this  cause,  a)  above.  1^*'^  inde  irae  et  lach- 
rimae.  3"^  scire  volunt  secreta  domus  atque  inde^  timeri.  Para- 
taxis with  inde  here  expresses  what  H.  would  have  expressed  with 
ut  and  the  subjunctive — hypotaxis/  Juvenal  sometimes  uses 
parataxis  with  marked  rhetorical  effect,  e.  g.  3^°°,  8^^  13"^,  6''^'\ 
The  above  use  of  hide,  occurring  very  rarely  in  classical  times 
(see  under  hide  a)  in  H.),  and  not  found  in  Curtius,  occurs  30 
times  in  Pliny  the  Younger  and  22  times  in  Tacitus.'"'  b)  —ttmif 
postea.  6^^^  inque  vices  equitant  ac  luna  teste  moventur;  inde 
domos  redeunt.  For  examples  of  inde  in  this  sense  in  classical  and 
post-classical  prose  and  poetry  consult  Hand  III,  pp.  368-g.  Cf. 
Kiihnast,  Livianische  Syntax,  p.  348.  "'Evdev  is  similarly  used  in 
Greek,  c)  From  it,  from  him,  or  from  them.  Cf.  d)  in  H.  6"^  cuneis 
aai  habent  spectacula  totis  quod  securus  ames  quodque  inde  excer- 
pere  possis.  6*"^  9-®,  10"°.  d)  9^°  deprehendas  animi  tormenta 
et  gaudia;  sumit  utrumque  inde  habitum  facies.  e)  inde  .  .  .  si. 
^^''^hide  fides  artis  ...  si  longo  castrorum  in  carcere  mansit.  f)  inde 
.  .  .  quod.  15'"  hide  furor  vulgo  quod  numina  vicinorum  odit 
uterque  locus,  g)  inde  atque  hinc,  hinc  atque  inde,  hinc  .  .  .  inde, 
inde  .  .  .  atque  alia  parte.  See  under  hhic  e).  Weise,  Vin- 
diciae  fuvenalianae,  p.  53,  mentions  the  following  cases  of  ellipsis, 
"  concitato  dicendi  generi  maxime  consentanea^''  where  clauses 
are  introduced  by  hinc,  inde,  and  2inde  in  J, :  1"*  hi7ic  subitae 
mortes.  \^^.  \^^  inde  irae  et  lacrimae.  3'•'^  6^"",  7"',  9^^, 
j^35.«      jioo  ^^^^^  ingenium  par  materiae  ?     2'",  6'*^  cf,  15^°^ 

Instead  of  inde  causal  H.  uses:  a)  eo.  For  examples  see 
under  eo  c),  and  with  eo  quod  cf.  inde  .  .  .  quod  f)  above,  b)  hoc. 
S.  I.  i'"  non  tuus  hoc  capiet  venter  plus  ac  meus.  3''^  6"'  ^--  "°,  9*, 
10'.  J.  does  not  use  hoc.  H.  does  not  use  hoc  in  the  Ep.,  and 
eo  only  A.  P.  222,  employing  ideo  and  idcirco  instead.^  Fo  and 
hoc  are  allowed  in  the  S.  of  H.  because  of  the  prose  character  of 

'  Parataxis  occurs,  however,  to  some  extent  in  H.,  more  especially  in  the 
Satires,  where  its  use  is  due  mainly  to  the  element  of  the  sermo  familiaris. 
^  Vo.;el  on  Curt.  9.  i.  33,  Reisig  N.  435. 
'Of  these  two  words  only  idcirco  occurs  in  the  S. — i.  4'*. 


those  compositions.^     To  express  causal  relation  H.  uses  also  ob 
hanc  rem  S.  i.  ■^^^  4"l     ob  id  factum  Ep.  2.  2--.     ob  hoc  A.  P. 

393- 

interius,  H.  o,  J.  i.  11^^  interius  si  attendas.  Cf.  Cic,  De  Or. 
3.  49.  190  ne  insistat  interius. 

introrsum,  H.  2,  J.  o.  S.  2.  i*^  introrstcm  turpis.  Ep.  i.  16^* 
introrsum  turpem. 

In  the  sense  of  intus,  hitrorsum  occurs  already  Caes.  B.  G.  7. 
27.     For  other  examples  see  Hand  III,  p.  444. 

intzis,  H.  7,  J.  I.  In  H.  :  S.  2.  3^^^  si  positis  intus  Chii  .  .  . 
mille  cadis.     So  3"-,  A.  P.  389. 

From  two  examples  of  his  use  of  inttis  H.'s  fondness  for  philo- 
sophical reflection^  comes  out:  S.  2.  i^''  cornu  taurus  petit ;  unde 
nisi  inius  monstratum  ?  A.  P.  108. 

isiic,  H.  I,  J.  I.  In  H. :  Ep.  i.  14'"  non  isiic  obliquo  oculo  mea 
commoda  quisquam  limat.     Isiic  here="  There  where  you  are." 

In  J. :  -^^  cedamus  patria :  vivant  Artorius  istic  et  Catullus. 
Isiic  here  has  a  contemptuous  force. 

isiinc,  H.  2,  J.  i.-'  In  H.:  S.  i.  4^^^  quis  ignoscas  vitiis  teneor  ; 
fortassis  et  isiinc  largiter  abstulerit  longa  aetas.  Other  examples 
of  isiinc  for  ex-\-\.\\t:  ablative  are  Plaut,  Ps.  4.  7*^  Rud.  4.  4'",  Cat. 
76".  Cf  inde  d)  in  H.  and  hinc  b)  in  H.  Ep.  i.  7^'  si  vis  .  .  . 
effugere  isiinc. 

In  J. :  8^"^  inde  Dolabella  atque  isiinc  Antonius,  inde  Verres 
referebant  .  .  .  spolia.     Cf.  hinc  e)  in  J. 

The  only  examples  of  istic  or  isiinc  I  find  in  post-Augustan 
Latin,  other  than  the  examples  from  Juvenal,  are  Luc.  7^"^  (isiic') 
and  Mart.  i.  19*  {isiinc).  J.'s  use  of  them  is  a  mark  of  his 
forcible  style. 

nusquam,  H.  4,  J.  2.  In  H. :  a)  S.  2.  5^°'  ergo  nunc  Dama 
sodalis  nusquavi  est?,  i.  e.  is  he  gone?  For  this  usage  consult 
Hand  IV,  p.  349,  and  cf.  Cic.  Tusc.  i.  6.  11.  b)  With  a  verb 
implying  motion.  S.  2.  7""  nusquavi  es  .  .  .  vocatus  ad  cenam. 
Usquam  is  so  used  S.  i.  i'^',  2.  i*\  f.     This  usage  belongs  mainly 

^Cf.  Beste,  De  generis  dicendi  inter  Horatii  Carniina  Sermonesque  discrifiiine, 
P-45- 

-On  the  relation  of  H.  to  philosophy  consult  the  work  of  Kirchoff,  Hildes- 
heim,  1873. 

='Here  I  follow  the  reading  of  the  Pithoeanus  and  Buecheler  against  the 
other  MSS  and  editors.  The  archaic  adverb,  though  very  rare  in  post-Augustan 
Latin,  is  supported  by  istic  3^*. 


13 

to  the  conversational  style,  and  naturally  occurs  oftenest  in  the 
Comedians  and  Cicero's  Letters.' 

obiter,  H.  o,  J.  2.  a)  3'"  obiter  leget  aut  scribet — i.  e.  on  the 
way.  b)  6*^'  verberat  atque  obiter  faciem  Unit — i.  e.  incidentally, 
en  passant. 

Obiter  appears  to  have  come  into  literature  from  the  language 
of  the  people.  The  only  author  to  use  it  before  Petronius  is 
Laberius  the  mimographer.  Pliny  the  Elder  employs  it  frequently, 
and  it  occurs  in  Seneca,  Quintilian,  and  Appuleius.' 

passim,  H.  2,  J.  o.  Ep.  2.  i"'  scribimus  indocti  doctique  poemata 
passim-^\.  e.  promisace,  indiscriminately.  Passim  in  this  sense  is 
rare:  Tib.  2.  3",  Just.  43.  i.  4. 

peregre,  H.  2,  J.  o.     S.  i.  6'°'  rusve  perigreve  exirem.     Ep.  i. 

Peregre  is  a  prose  word.  It  occurs  nowhere  in  poetry  except 
in  the  Comedians  and  H. 

porro,  H.  4,  J.  4.  •  In  H.:  a)  Literally  ''farther:'  Ep.  i.  13'* 
xi\X.&t&porro.  This  usage  is  not  common.  It  is  found  oftenest  in 
ante-classical  Latin.  Livy  i.  7.  6  porro  agere,  9.  2.  Z porro  ire. 
b)  Furthermore,  next.  S.  i.  3'°\  Ep.  i.  e\  c)  Furthermore, 
moreover.  Ep.  i.  16'"  qui  cupiet  metuet .  .  .:  porro  que  metuens 
vivit  liber  .  .  .  non  erit. 

In/.  .•  In  all  four  cases  porro— furthermore,  moreover,  c)  above. 
3^-^  6'^"  wixX^  porro  filiolam  .  .  .  producere  turpem. 

post,  H.  8,  J.  I.  In  H.:  a)  S.  i.  6"  wono post  mense.  b)  pri- 
mum  .  .  .  post,  prius  .  .  .  post.  A.  P.  76  querimonia  primum, 
post  etiam  inclusa  est  .  .  .  sententia.  A.  P.  1 1 1  format  .  .  .  nps 
natura  prius  ad  omnem  fortunarum  habitum :  .  .  .  post  effert 
animi  motus  .  .  . 

In  /.  .•  Of  place,  behind  or  from  beJmid.  6'""  Andromachen  a 
fronte  videbis,  post  minor  est.     H.  does  not  use  post  thus. 

Instead  of  post  b)  in  H.,  J.  uses  dei?tde —which  occurs  only 
three  times  in  H.,  time,  or  inde.  (See  under  deinde.)  I  find  in  J. 
no  equivalent  expression  for  post  paulo,  occurring  three  times  in 
H.     (J.  uses  paulo  ante  6''\  9"*.) 

procul,  H.  7,  J.  6.  In  H. :  Joined  with  the  ablative  without  a 
preposition.  S.  i.  6'^'  prava  ambitione  procul.  For  this  usage 
see  under  simul  d)  below. 

1  Cf.  Schmalz,  Ueber  den  Sprachgebmtuh  des  Asinius  Pollio,  p.  42. 
'■^Consult  further  Hand  IV,  p.  362  ff.,  and  Krcbs  II,  p.  169, 


^; 


14 

In  /.  .•  14*^  procul,  a  procul  inde.  Weidner  quotes  Ov.  M. 
15^'*  procul,  O  procul  este  profani/  So  Ua^  in  Greek ;  Uh^  iK^s 
oa-Tis  aXcrpos  (Kallim.  in  Apoll.  2). 

prope,  H.  16,  J.  1.  H  uses  prope=alm.osi  10  times.  For 
"  almost "  J.  uses/<?r^  e"^,  i  i'^\pae7ie  3  times.  H.  uses  fere  thus 
only  S.  I.  3^",  pae7te  6  times.  For  "  near  "  H.  uses  prope  6  times. 
J.  uses  thus  p7'ope  <^^'\  mxta  ii'*^.  With  stantem  prope  H.  S.  2. 
5*'  ^ndpropius  stes  A.  P.  361  cf.  J.  3"  substitit  ad  .  .  .  arcus. 

qua,  H.  4,  J.  I.  H.  uses  ^z^«  in  anaphora  S.  i.  2^°  gtia  res,  ^e^a 
ratio  suaderet.  Other  adverbs  used  in  this  figure  by  H.  are : 
aeque  Ep.  i.  i^^  dare  Ep.  i.  16^",  saepe  S.  i.  3"-i-,  Ep.  i.  lyss-ss^ 
ig'**"^",  ^zV  Ep.  2.  i'"^ 

J  uses  gzia  in  anaphora  f''\  For  a  list  of  other  adverbs  used 
by  J.  in  this  figure  see  under  hinc  f)  in  J. 

quaienus,  H.  3,  J.  i.  H.  uses  qicatenus  only  in  its  causal  sense : 
S.  I.  i"  iubeas  miserum  esse,  libenter  quateyitis  id  facit.  3'®,  2. 
4^'.  So  also  J.  1 2'"'.  Quatenus  causal  appears  first  Lucr.  2^\ 
Then  it  does  not  occur  till  H.  and  Ov.  M.  8'*^  14*",  T.  5.  5^^  The 
first  example  from  prose  appears  to  be  Val.  Max.  9.  11,  and  it  is 
found,  though  still  rarely,  in  Quintilian,  Tacitus,  Pliny,  Suetonius, 
and  later." 

quo,  H.  30,  J.  6.  In  H.  :  a)  Wherefore,  for  which  reason.  S. 
2.  i''  quo  fit  ut.  b)  To  what  purpose?,  for  what?  S.  i.  i" 
nescis  quo  val  eat  nummus?     6'*,  Ep.  i,  5". 

In  /  .•  J.  uses  quo=to  what  purpose  ?,  for  what  ?  4  times.  8' 
effigies  quo  tot  bellatorum,  si  luditur  alea  pernox?  8"'*  14"' 
15"- 

Anaphora  occurs  8"-*. 

H,  uses  quo=whither  25  times,  J.  twice. 

quorsum,  H.  5,  J.  o.  To  what  purpose  ? ,  for  what?  S.  2.  3'"^ 
7"*^  quorsum  est  opus  ?  Cf.  Cic.  Red.  ad  Quir.  2.  5,  Leg.  i.  i.  4, 
Brut.  85.  292.^ 

superne,  H.  2,  J.  o.     S.  2.  f\  A.  P.  4  mulier  formosa  superne. 

ubi  (Joci),  H.  II,  J.  16.  In  H.  :  a)  —in  quo,  in  quibus.  S.  i. 
3""  cum  genus  hoc  inter  versemur  tibi.  ...  2.  3'^  6'  hortus  ubi. 
6"',  Ep.  I.  6*\  This  usage  belongs  in  its  origin  to  the  style  of 
conversation,  just  as  the  English  "  where  "  for  "  in  which."  b)  ubi 
.  .  .  hie.     S.  2.  3''"  ubi  prava  stultitia,  hie  summa  est  insania. 

^  Cf.  also  the  note  of  Mayor. 

2  Wolfflin,  Archiv  V,  pp.  405  ff.,  Dr.  II  680. 

3  For  this  usage  consult  Krebs  JI,  p.  427. 


15 

In  / :  a)  In  a  case  in  which.  iT  si  rixa  est  ubi  tu  pulsas, 
ego  vapulo  tantum.  b)  Posipositive.  f"  fatigatas  ubi  Daedalus 
exuit  alas.  6^^  lO^'S  12",  I5\  Weise  thinks  that  among  poets 
J.  is  especially  fond  of  the  postpositive  for  relative  and  interroga- 
tive words  and  for  conjunctions.^ 

ubicumque,  H.  2,  J.  i.  H.  S.  i.  2"'  rem  oblimare  malum  est 
ubicumque.  I  find  no  example  of  ubicumque  indefinite  before 
this.  After  H.  it  is  found  Ov.  Am.  3.  IO^  Quint.  7.  4.  18,  10.  7.  28. 
unde  {inter?),  H.  13,  J.  14.  In  H. :  a)  From  what  source  ?— 
in  the  transferred  sense.  S.  i.  5'  cornu  taurus  petit;  unde  nisi 
intus  monstratum?  2.  2^-.  2.  2'^  unde  datum  sentis  lupus  hie 
Tiberinus  an  alto  captus  hiet  ?  2.  3"  sed  unde  tam  bene  me 
nosti?  2.  5™.  Ep.  2.  i"*.  b)  unde  domo.  Ep.  i.  7''  abi,  quaere 
et  refer  unde  domo,  quis  ...  Cf.  Verg.  A.  7'"  unde  domo,  and 
the  same  expression  Sen.  Cons.  Helv.  6.  3.  Orelli  states  that 
unde  domo  frequently  occurs  in  inscriptions,  and  compares  the 
Greek  itod^v  h^Kodiv  (Wilkins  on  Ep.  i.  7=0-  0  itnde  U7ide.  S.  i. 
3*®.     See  under  Donbli^ig  of  Adverbs. 

In  /.  .•  a)  From  what  source  f—in  the  transferred  sense,  as  a) 
above.  2'"  tinde  nefas  tantum  Latiis  pastoribus  ?  7'^*  unde 
igitur  tot  Quintilianus  habet  saltus?  9',  10'',  14''.  i5"'-  b)  In 
anaphora.     2"'. 

unde  (rel.),  H.  13,  J.  16.  In  H. :  a)  From  which  fact,  from 
which  source,  from  which  cause.  S.  i.  2'*,  2"^  2.  3'^  A.  P.  252. 
(Cf.  Krebs,  II,  p.  629.)  b)  Of  persons,  ''fro7n  whom.''  S,  2.  3'" 
Stertinius  .  .  .  unde  ego  .  .  .  descripsi  .  .  .  praecepta  haec.  6'^ 
c)  Ep.  2.  2*'  civilis  .  .  .  belli  me  tulit  aestus  in  arma  .  .  . :  tmde 
simul  primum  me  dimissere  Philippi.      U7ide  here=rt/5  armis. 

In  /.  .•    a)   Causal.     4''  unde  fit  ut.     Cf.  i7ide  fit  ut  H.  S.  i.  i"'. 

b)  Postpositive.     6'^'  illuc,  testiculi  sibi  conscius  ujide  fugit  mus. 

See  under  ubi  b)  above,     c)  f'  nee  defuit  illi  7inde  emeret  multa. 

7isqua7}i,  H.  5,  J.  3.     See  under  7iusqua7n  b). 

utrobique,  H.  i,  J.  o.     Ep.   i.  6^°  qui   timet  his  adversa   fere 

miratur  eodem  quo  cupiens  pacto:  pavor  est  utrobique  molestus, 

I  find  no  other  example  of  this  word  in  poetry,  except  Plant. 

Cist.  4.  i'\ 

2.  Adverbs  of  Time. 

adhuc;  H.  6,  J.  13.  In  H. :  a)  <'  Still:'  ''yet  "—with  a  verb  in 
the  present  tense.     Ep.  i.  12'"  adhiic  sublimia  cures.     2.  2"*,  A. 

1  See  examples  Weise,  Vindiciae  Juvenalianae,  p.  57  ff. 

*For  the  various  uses  of  adhuc  consult  Hand  I,  pp.  156-157.  Schmalz  in 
Muller's  Handbuch  der  klassi.  Alterthtwiswissenschaft  II,  p.  554.  Riemann, 
Etudes  sur  Tite-Live,  p.  237. 


p.  78.  b)  "Still"  ''yet" — with  a  present  participle.  A.  P.  115 
adhuc  florente  inventa.  Adhuc  with  a  participle  or  adjective  is 
not  common  until  Livy  and  post- Augustan  Latin,  c)  "  Still" 
''yet" — with  the  gerundive.     Ep.  i.  17^  adhuc  docendus. 

In  /.  .•  a)  As  a)  above.  3'^^  ardet  adhuc.  6'''' ''-,  15'^  b)  "  Still," 
"yet"— with  a?i  adjective.  3"^  levis  adhuc.  4^°,  6''^^' ^- ■,  7^"", 
Io"^  13".  Cf.  the  remark  under  b)  above,  c)  With  the  gerun- 
dive, as  c)  above.  12^^  adhuc  horrenda.  d)  "Still,"  "yet" — with 
a  comparative.^  8'"*  nomen  erit  pardus  tigris  leo,  seu  quid  adhuc 
est  quod  fremat  in  terris  violentius.  This  usage  belongs  to  silver 
Latin.^ 

alias,  H.  3,  J.  o.  Alias  means  "at  another  time  "  in  H.  S.  i. 
4«',  9",  Ep.  2.  i". 

aliquando,  H.  o,  J.  3.  In  all  three  examples  from  J.  aliquando 
has  the  meaning  no7inunquain,  interdum.  In  this  sense  it  occurs 
in  Cicero  and  is  common  in  post-classical  Latinity. 

ante,  H.  2,  J.  9,  In  H.  :  S.  2.  3"®  non  ante  .  .  .  dementam 
actum  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  ferrum  tepefecit.  J.  does  not  thus  sepa- 
rate ante  and  qziam. 

\nj.:  a)  Limited  by  paulo.  6"'  ornatas  paulo  ante  fores.  9"". 
b)  ante  .  .  .  deiiide.  6*^^  dominum  iubet  ante  feriri,  deinde 
canem.  This  use  of  «72/^  for />rzw7^?;2  is  post- Augustan.^  c)  With 
an  adjective.  3"^  filius  ante  pudicus.  This  usage  is  rare.  In 
Tacitus  it  occurs  only  An.  14.  7.  8  ante  ignaros.  Instead  of 
adverbial  ante  H.  \xses  prius,  which  occurs  in  H.  10  times,  in  J.  3 
times.     Of  course  neither  author  uses  anted. 

brevi,  H.  i,  J.  o.     Ep.  i.  3^  brevi  venturus  in  ora. 

brevHer,  H.  o,  J.  i.  12'-°  omnia  soli  .  .  .  Pacuvio  breviter 
dabit. 

dehinc,  H.  2,  J.  o,  a)  —ttim,  postea.  S.  i.  3^°*  donee  verba 
.  .  .  invenere  ;  dehinc  absistere  bello  coeperunt.  This  usage  is 
poetical  and  post- Augustan  :  Verg.  A.  i^^^'  -''*',  5"'^  6'''^  Ov.  F.  6^*'. 
For  post -Augustan  examples  see  Hand  II,  p.  230.  b)  =dei7ide. 
A.  P.  144  non  fumum  exfulgore,  sed  ex  fumo  dare  lucem  cogitat, 
ut  speciosa  dehinc  miracula  promat.  Dehinc  is  thus  used  Epod. 
16*^^  Dehinc  in  this  sense  is  not  common.  The  only  pre- 
Augustan   example   appears   to   be  Sail.   Cat.   32   primum  .  .  . 

^  Here  Weidner  takes  adhuc  as^i^insitper,  irpbg  Tovroic.  The  climax  and  the 
sense  favor  joining  it  with  violentius. 

^Krebs  I,  p.  87  ;  Riemann,  Etudes  sur  Tite-Live,  p.  239. 
'For  examples  from  Pliny  and  Celsus  see  Hand  I,  p.  376. 


17 

dehinc.     Then  Verg.  G.  3'".  Sen.  Quaest.  Nat.  3=",  Sil.  8-,  Suet. 
Aug-.  49. 

dein.  H.  2,  J.  I.     H.  S.  i.  i'\  f,  J-  ^S"'-     Both  poets  use  det?i 
as  a  monosyllable.     Demceps  H.  uses  as  a  dissyllable  S.  28'^ 

deinceps,  H.  i,  J.  o.  S.  2.  8«".  I  find  no  other  example  of 
deinceps  in  poetry  until  Prudentius. 

deinde  H  3  J.  12.  Where  deinde  might  have  been  employed 
H.  uses  :'  a)  turn  S.  i.  5",  7".  2.  3">  8-'  ^«'  ^  b)  /2.«.  S.  2.  2^,  A. 
'p.  103.  J.  also  uses  tunc  thus  6™S  Io•^«^  i2^%  13'"^  c)  posimodo 
S.  2.  6-'\  d)  dehinc  A.  P.  144-  e)  z;?^^  S.  2.  6««.  J.  also  so  uses 
mde  e'\  11^'.  f)  post  S.  I.  4'',  A.  P.  76  primum  .  .  .post,  A.  P. 
III.  g)  />^<y/  /22^«^,  post  hanc,  post  hoc,  post  haec,  post  hos.  S.  i. 
6'"  2.'2^'^  8'\  Ep.  I.  8^^  2.  i'",  2^  A.  P.  278,  401.  J.  also  uses 
post  hunc\^Vc.,  thus  :  r^  ^\  5"'.  6^"'-  h)  5«^m^^  Ep.  i.  8'^  primum 
,  .  .  S2ibiiide.     i)  denique  Ep.  i.  7''',  2.  2"". 

demum.  H.  i,  J.  o.  S.  i.  5"'.  The  post-Augustan  poets  appear 
to  have  avoided  demum}  H.  does  not  use  it  in  the  Odes,  but 
Vergil  uses  it  freely,  and  it  occurs  in  Ovid. 

denique,  H.  15,  J.  o.  a)  At  all  events,  in  any  case.  S.i.  1^^ 
ne  nummi  pereant  aut  puga  aut  denique  fama.  Ep.  2.  2'-'.'  b) 
=  deinde.  Ep.  1.7''  ille  Philippo  quod  non  mane  domum  venisset, 
de^iique  quod  non  providisset  eum.  c)  In  the  end,  at  last.  A.  P. 
267  an  omnis  visuros  peccata  putem  mea  tutus  et  intra  spem 
veniae  cautus?     vitavi  denique  culpam,  non  laudem  merui. 

Where  denique  might  have  been  used,  J.  sometimes  employs 
tandem,  which  occurs  11  times,  in  H.  7  times.  Denique  is  found 
in  Martial. 

dudum,  H.  o,  J.  2.  For  ia^n  d^tdum.  2^  cum  praetor  I'ctorem 
impellat  et  ire  praecipitem  iubeat,  dud7im  vigilantibus  orbis.  10''^ 
dudu?n  sedet  ilia  parato  flammeolo.  This  usage  is  very  rare.=^ 
The  only  examples  I  find,  other  than  the  above,  are  Cic.  Att.  4. 
5  and  Pliny,  H.  N.  19.  i.  2.* 

hodie,  H.  9,  J.  6.  In  //.:  a')  At  the  present  day.  S.  2.  2*^  Ep. 
2.  i"^**.  b)  Expressi7ig  impatience.  S.  2.  f^  non  dices  hodie 
quorsum  haec  tam  putlda  tendant,  furcifer?     Ep.  i.  7''  ut  libet: 

'  The  only  example  I  find  is  Pers.  i*''. 

■^  For  other  examples  of  this  usage  see  Hand,  II  270. 

■Uam  diidum  is  now  read  Ter,  Heaut.  4.  5'". 

*  Here  the  MSS  are  divided  between  nam  dtidum  and  non  duduvi.  The 
reading  is  so  near  iam  dudum  that  some  have  preferred  to  read  so.  Sillig 
reads  nam  dudum. 


haec  porcis  hodie  comedenda  relinques.'  Cf.  Ter.  Eun,  4.  4'-' 
possumne  ego  hodie  ex  te  exsculpere  verum  ?  Phor.  5.  3"'.  This 
usage  belongs  to  the  style  of  conversation,     c)  hodie,  eras.     Ep. 

1.  16^^  qui  dedit  hoc  hodie,  eras  auferet. 

In  /.:  a)  As  a)  above.  13''.  b)  hodie  .  .  .  here  .  .  .  eras,  y' 
res  hodie  minor  est  here  quam  fuit,  atque  eadem  eras  deteret 
exiguis  aliquid. 

tarn,  H.  33,  J.  97.  In  H.:  a)  Ai  last,  at  length.  S.  i.  i^  miles 
ait  multo  iam  fractus  membra  labore.  5'°,  2.  6'™,  Ep.  i.  l^  f\  f^, 
10",  i8^'\  2.  I"^  A.  P.  468.  "nbr]  is  similarly  used  in  Greek,  b) 
At  otice,  forthwith, prese7itly.  S.  i.  i'"  si  quis  deus  'en  ego,'  dicat, 
*iam  faciam  quod  voltis.'  8'^  2.  3'=\  4'',  f\  c)  In  a  transition— 
for  iam  vera.  Ep.  2.  i*''.  iam  Saliare  Numae  carmen  qui  laudat.- 
d)  iam  .  .  .  C7im.  S.  i.  5^"  iafnqne  dies  aderat  nil  cum  procedere 
lintrem  sentimus.  2.  6'"".  e)  ia?n  .  .  .  /aw,  for  modo  .  .  .  modo. 
5.  2.  7"  iam  moechus  Romae,  jam  mallet  doctus  Athenis  vivere. 

2.  7'^'*,  7"^  This  usage  is  rare  even  in  poetry.  In  prose :  Livy, 
30.  30.  10,'  Veil.  2.  114.  2,  Pliny,  Ep.  7.  27.  8,  Flor.  2.  17.  8,  3.  i. 
10."  f)  iam  mine.  Ep.  2.  i^"  iarn  nunc  .  .  .  mox.  A.  P.  43  ut 
iam  nunc  dicat  iafn  nunc  debentia  dici.  Cf.  Odes  2.  i^'.  g)  iam 
simul.     Ep.  2.  2-°^ quid?     cetera  iam  simul  isto  cum  vitio  fugere? 

In/.:  a)  At  last,  at  length,  a)  above.  This  use  of  iam  occurs 
in  J.  40  times :  2'^  3-°^  4''''  ''■  '''•  '''■ '"',  5*''  '''■ ''',  6"*-  '"•  '''■  ''^'  ■'''-•  '''• 

329,   369,  370,  377,   M2,   485,  574     „170,  210     g97,  153      q49,   79,  86     jqI95,   199    270^    I  l'^''  ^^\    I  3"' 

218^  1562, 91^  J  556^  ^f^  ^y  ij^is  ti^g^  at  length.  4'*'\  5**'  ''\  10'-"*,  I2'''' 
*",  13"  casus  multis  hie  cognitus  ac  iain  tritus.  b)  At  once,  forth- 
with, presently,  b)  above,  i^^'  nuUus  ia^n  parasitus  erit.  4*''^  12*". 
q)  iam...  iam,  e)  above.  le**".  d)  iam  nnnc,  f)  above,  ir'", 
14'^".  e)  iavi  iam.  6'^'^\  See  under  Doubling  of  Adverbs  below, 
f)  At  the  present  day.  6^''\  e'\  \v'\  14'™,  is"''  ''"  mundi  principio 
indulsit  .  .  .  conditor  .  .  . :  sed  iam  serpentum  maior  concordia. 
As  to  iam  used  thus  for  nunc  see  Hand,  III,  p.  125  fol.  g)  Of 
the  present  as  opposed  to  the  past.  4""  iam  princeps  equitum  .  .  . 
qui  .  .  .  solebat  vendere  .  .  .  siluros.  6*\  h)  Truly,  indeed.  10'^ 
iamn^  igitur  laudas  quod  de  sapientibus  alter  ridebat  .  .  .?  is""' 
"^     i)  /«  anaphora.     3^®^  4^". 

The  large  difference  between  the  number  of  times  iam  occurs 

'  Kiessling  renders  iioch  kejiie. 
^  Schlitz  renders  jiun  voUends. 
^Cf.  Weissenborn's  note. 
•»  Cf.  Wolfflin,  Archiv,  II,  p.  245. 


19 

in  H.  and  in  J.  is  due  to  J.'s  great  fondness  for  the  uses  a)  and  a') 
above.  This  is  a  mark  of  his  vivid,  excited  style.  So  4"**  noverat 
ille  luxuriam  imperii  veterem  noctesque  Neronis  iam  medias. 
6^°-,  13**,  and  elsewhere. 

interea,  H,  2,  J.  14.  The  disproportion  in  the  use  of  this  word 
by  H.  and  J.  may  be  accounted  for  by  its  use  in  J.  with  the  force 
of  an  adversative  particle,  while  H.  does  not  so  employ  it.  Thus 
i^^^  caulis  miseris  atque  ignis  emendus ;  optima  silvarum  interea 
pelagique  vorabit  rex.  2'^'  interea  tormentum  ingens  nubentibus 
haeret;  5^^  6^^^-  *"■  *^  lo^^  iii^^'^^^  i4'^«.  As  to  this  usage, 
occurring  already  in  Cic,  consult  Hand,  III,  p.  416;  Krebs,  I,  p. 
703  fol. 

modo,  H.  18,  J.  19.  In  H.\  a)  modo  .  .  .  inierduni,  niodo  .  .  . 
saepe,  saepe  .  .  .  modo.  S.  1.9"  ire  modo  ocius,  interdum  consis- 
tere.  2.  7",  S.  i.  10^^  modo  tristi,  saepe  iocoso.  2.  7®  saepe  .  .  . 
modo.  This  sequence  is  found  mainly  in  H.,  Ovid,  and  silver 
prose-writers.'  To  the  examples  from  classical  prose- writers  cited 
by  Wolfflin,  Archiv,  II  252  fol.,'  add  Nep.  Att.  20.  2.  b)  Ofi/y, 
Just — zait/i  an  imperative.  S.  2,  3-'®  adde  cruorem  stultitiae  atque 
ignem  gladio  scrutare  modo,  inquam.^ 

\xi  J.\  a)  7nodo  .  .  .  mine  .  .  .  nunc.  \a^.  Cf.  the  same  sequence, 
Ovid,  T.  I.  2"',  and  viodo  .  .  .  nunc,  M.  13^-^  b)  15^'"  quis  modo 
casus  impulit  hos?  The  explanation  of  Mayor  and  Weidner  for 
modo  here  seems  unsatisfactory.  The  word  serves  to  call  the 
attention  in  a  transition,  as  the  Greek  S,},  our  'now,'  and  iam 
H.  Ep.  2.  1'".  See  under  iam  c)  above,  c)  Limiting  a  verbal 
noim.     2"  modo  victor.     Cf.  signator/a/^*?  i",  and  sic  i)  in  H. 

olim,  H.  23,  J.  19.  In  H.\  a)  At  times,  ofttimes.'  S.  i.  i''^  ut 
pueris  oliin  dant  crustula  blandi  doctores.  Ep.  i.  lo^^  This  use 
oi  olim  is  ante-classical  and  poetical.  It  occurs  in  Plautus,  Lucil. 
130  (Lach.),  Vergil,  H.  Od.  4.  a^\  Epod.  3^  and  in  Ovid,  b) 
Hereafter,  some  day.  S.  i.  4'"  numquid  ego  illi  imprudens  olim 
faciam  simile?  6*^  2.  5^',  Ep.  i.  3^^,  A.  P.  386.  H.  uses  olim  of  an 
event  which  has  occurred  during  his  life-time,  S.  i.  6"'  ^*.  Cf. 
also  S.  I.  3'^  2.  3^1 

In  /.:  a)  Sometimes,  ofttimes,  a)  above.     10'^-  patriam  tamen 

'  For  examples  see  Hand,  III,  pp.  647-4S. 

*  In  his  paper  Was  heist  bald  .  .  .  bald? 

■■' Fritzsche,  Schiitz  and  Palmer  place  a  period  after  scrutare  and  throw 
modo  ittquatn  with  the  next  sentence.  I  prefer  to  read  as  above.  So  Orelli 
and  Kiessling. 

^Servius  ad  A.  8-''-"  atque  olim  fere  ut  solet. 


20 

obruit  olim  gloria  paucorum.  b)  Hereafter,  some  day,  b)  above. 
i4^-\  c)  r=  iamdudum.  4^°  sed  <?/z;w  prodigio  par  est  cum  nobili- 
tate  senectus,  6*^'  ^^  famam  contempserat  oli7n.  I  find  no  example 
of  olim  in  this  sense  before  Seneca  and  Lucan.^  Tacitus  uses  olim 
thus  16  times.  For  examples  from  other  writers  see  Mayor  on  J. 
4"^  Lagergren  De  Vita  et  Elocutione  Plinii,  p.  170,  and  Hand 
IV,  pp.  370-371.     Similarly  TraXai  is  used  in  Greek."^ 

protinus,  H.  3,  J.  7.  In  -^;  S.  2.  5-^  tu  protinus  unde  divitias 
,  .  .  ruam  die,  augur.  Protinus  meaning  at  once,  immediately  f  is 
not  common  in  prose  until  Livy.  Cic.  Inv.  2.  15.  20,  Caes.  B.  G. 
2.  9,  5.  17,  B.  C.  I.  14. 

Iny. :  In  every  example*  m].,  protinus  means  straightway,  at 
once.  With  14^-' sunt  quaedam  vitiorum  elementa;  h\s  protinus 
illos  imbuit  cf.  H.  Ep.  2.  i^"  os  tenerum  pueri  .  .  .  poeta  fiourat, 
torquet  ab  obscaenis  iam  mcnc  sermonibus.  To  express  "at 
once,"  "immediately,"  H.  uses  continuo  S.  i.  2"*,  6'-''  ^"^  2.  3"'°,  8'^ 
J.  also  uses  continuo,  6■'^^  \'^^^,  14'*'^ 

quando,  H.  17,  J.  23.  H.  uses  quando  interrogative  but  3  times, 
J.  14  times.  H.  does  not  use  quando  — when  except  as  interroga- 
tive," J.  only  I2*\  J.  uses  si  quando  -^'''^  5*",  8^'°,  12"'.  Instead  of 
si  quando  H.  uses  quando czimque,  quandoque,  or  quotiens.  See 
under  those  words. 

quandocmnque,  H.  3,  J.  o.  S.  i.  g'-^  garrulus  hunc  quando 
consumet  ciimgue.  As  regards  this  indefinite  use  o'i quandocumque 
for  aliquando  cf.  Ov.  M.  6^",  2.  3.  r'',  and  the  note  of  Schiitz  on 
H.  5.  I.  (f\  Other  examples  of  tmesis  will  be  found  under  Ad- 
verbs in  -temis. 

quandoque,  H.  i,  J.  3.  In  H.\  A.  P.  359  indignor  quandoqtce 
bonus  dormitat  Homerus.  For  this  use  of  qicandoque,  occurring 
already  in  Cic,  see  Krebs,  II  405.  Cf.  also  Miitzell  and  Vogee  on 
Curt.  7.  10.  9,  Roby's  Latin  Grammar  2290. 

In  J. :  In  J.  quandoque  means  only  some  day,  of  the  future. 
2--  foedius  hoc  aliquid  qjiandoque  audebis  amictu.  5'"-,  14^^  In  this 
sense  the  word  is  mainly  post- Augustan,  only  two  examples  being 
quoted  before  silver  Latin — Cic.  Fam.  6.  19.  2,  Livy  21.  3.  6. 

^Verg.  G.  4^-^  it  is  more  natural  to  take  olim  as  ofttimes.  So  Koch, 
Conington,  and  Papillon. 

2  Soph.  O.  T.  S96,  Aj.  20;  Ar.  Vesp.  T060;  Plato  Meno  91  A. 

•■'Kiessling  on  Od.  3.  3^°  denies  this  meaning  of  protinus  for  H.  and  Old 
Latin. 

"'3^",  4**,  l'^^'\  II™.  13'™,  I4'■^  i6-". 

^  S.  2.  2*'-  is  a  possible  exception,  but  see  Kiessling's  note. 


quoad,  H.  i,  J.  o.  S.  2.  3-".  Quoad  here  is  a  monosyllable.' 
The  above  is  the  only  undisputed  example  of  quoad  in  poetry 
after  Plautus  and  Terence,  so  far  as  I  can  discover.^ 

quondam,  H.  7,  J.  7.  In  H.:  a)  From  time  to  time,  sometimes. 
S.  2.  2"-  hie  tamen  ad  melius  poterit  transcurrere  quondavi,  sive 
diem  festum  rediens  advexerit  annum,  seu'^  .  .  .  Ep.  i.  18"^  falli- 
mur,  et  quondam  non  dignum  tradimus.  It  is  questionable 
whether  Cicero  uses  quondam  thus.  Div.  i.  43.  98  and  Fam.  2. 
16.  2  are  quoted,  but  consult  Wilkins'  note  on  H.  Ep.  i.  i8'^ 
The  word  is  found  in  this  sense,  however,  H.  Od.  2.  lo'^  Verg. 
A.  2''^',  Ov,  M.  9^™,  8'"'.  So  the  Greeks  occasionally  used  Trdre/ 
b)  Limiting  a  verbal  noun.  Ep.  2.  2""  emptor  ,  .  .  quondam. 
Cf.  A.  P.  443  nullum  ultra  verbum,  Ep.  2.  i"'  sic  fautor  veterum. 
Od.  3.  if  late  tyrannus.  For  the  attributive  use  of  adverbs  in 
Latin  consult  Dr.  I  131  fol. ;  Reisig,  150  and  note;  Overholthaus, 
Syntaxis  Catullianae  capita  duo,  p.  15 ;  Uri,  O^iatenus  apud 
Sallnstium  sermonis  Latini  plebeii  atit  cotidiani  vestigia  appa- 
reant,  p.  121;  Riemann,  Etudes  sur  Tite-Live,  p.  245;  Dr.,  Syn- 
tax tind  Siil  des  Tacitus,  p.  8 ;  Kraut,  Uebcr  Syntax  und  Stil  des 
jiingeren  Plinius,  p.  25. 

quotiens,  H.  3,  J.  19.  The  large  use  of  this  word  is  character- 
istic of  J.  He  employs  it  instead  of  ubi  or  qziandocumque.  See 
under  those  words. 

raro.  H.  4,  J.  o.  S.  i.  i'^',  4^^  2.  2■''^  ■^.  J.,  in  common  with 
the  Latin  poets  generally,  uses  the  corresponding  adjective  instead 
of  raro^  I  find  no  example  of  raro  in  post-Augustan  poetry 
except  Mart.  i.  93",  5.  39^,  14.  2i3\  Among  the  classical  poets-, 
Lucr.  6"«'  "««,  Hon  Od.  3.  2^\  Verg.  Cat.  f\  Ov.  M.  13"^  J.  8«' 
si  rar(2  iugo  victoria  sedit,  5^^  10'-,  \'^. 

7'epente,  H.  o,  J.  2.     H.  uses  subiio  4  times,  J.  only  3"^^ 

semel,  H.  14,  J.  5.  In  H.:  a)  Once,  once  for  all.  S.  i,  4'"' et 
quodcumque  scmel c\\2.x\S.s  illeverit.  2.  i",  7'^  Ep.  i.  2'"',  7-'",  lo^', 
j^os^  18",  A.  P.  331,  452.  b)  Once, only  once.  Ep.  2.  2"  semel\i\c 
cessavit.    A.  P.  468.     c)  ut  semel,  si  semel,  C7im  semel.     S.  2.  i^* 

'  Brand,  Inter  sit.  ne  aliqitid  inter  Horatii  Flacci  satiras  et  ejtisdctn  c pistol  as, 
p.  38,  puts  down  this  monosyllabic  use  of  quoad  ■&%  an  archaism. 

-The  usually  accepted  reading  Lucret.  2**^,  s'-i'*'  "^^isii';^^;^^,  but  Lachniann 
reads  quo  ad. 

•''The  Lexica  take  quondam  here  as  ^^  some  day  —  of  the  future. 

^Cf.  Ilaupt  on  Ov.  M.  9''". 

5Cf.  Krebs  II,  p.  431. 


22 

saltat  Milorius  ut  semel  icto  accessit  fervo  capiti.     2.  5^^^  si  seviel, 
7'^  cum  semcl.     Ep.  i,  10",  A.  P.  331. 

In/:  a)  Once,  once  for  all,  a)  above.  13-*-.  b)  Once,  only 
once,  b)  above.  4'^^*  et  sejjiel  aspecti  litus  dicebat  echini,  c)  At 
o?ice,  once  for  all.  6^'^  ut  quidquid  subiti  .  .  .  discriminis  instat  in 
tunicas  eat  et  totum  se^nel  expiet  annum. 

szf7ml,  H.  27,  J.  o.'  a)  Wilk  me,  in  my  company.  Ep.  i.  10^" 
excepto  quod  non  swiul  esses  cetera  laetus.  Kiessling  remarks 
that  this  use  oi  simtil  is  colloquial,  and  compares  Cic.  Att.  6.  2.  8 
scribis  morderi  te  interdum  quod  non  simul  sis.  b)  simul  pri- 
mum.  Ep.  2.  2'^  unde  simul primum  me  dimisere  Philippi.  This 
combination  is  rare.  Dr.  II  601  pronounces  it  everywhere  ques- 
tionable. It  is  found  Livy  6.  i.  6,  35.  44.  5.  Simul  ac  prinmm 
is  used  by  Cicero  Verr.  2.  13.  34,  and  by  Suet.  Jul.  30,  Nero  43. 
c)  In  anaphora.  S.  2.  2''.  d)  As  a  preposition.  S.  i.  10®^  simul 
his.  Simul  with  the  ablative  occurs  first  in  H. ;  then  Verg.  A. 
5'^',  11*^";  Ov.  T.  5.  io-'=';  Sen.  Tro.  1045;  Sil.  3^«^  5«« ;  Tac.  An. 
3.  64,  4.  55,  6.  9,  13.  34.  Proc2il  vixX}^.  the  ablative  occurs  first  in 
H.;  then  Ov.  Pont.  i.  5"',  4.  g'"',  and  often  in  Livy  and  silver 
writers.'  e)  For  sivml  atque.  S.  i.i^",  2.  2''-  ",  3-"',  6^''  "*,  Ep.  i. 
6",  7^",  Io^  19'". 

H.'s  large  use  o{  simul  atque — 5  times,  simul  ac — 5  times,  and 
simul  =  simul  atqzie — 10  times,  is  noteworthy.  Instead  of  these 
expressions,  J.  uses  simply  cum  or  ut  with  the  indicative.  So 
ji«,  160^  ^122.135^  ^60,63^  ^^j  dsewherc.  Where  simul  might  have 
been  written  he  uses  pariter  6'"  duae  pariter  sorores.  6^'''  ^'^'  "'■  ^'^ 
jq309^  13206.  Where  siniul  cuvi  might  have  been  written  he  uses 
simply  ciim.  So  2'^■^  3''^  e^^^'  ''\  and  elsewhere.  With  H.  S.  i. 
lo'"^  sinml  his  (PoUio,  Messala,  and  others)  cf.  J.  3'^*  C7im  molli 
Demetrius  Haemo.  As  J.  uses  simzil  not  at  all,  so  he  employs 
u?ia  but  once,  15"^^  Martial  uses  u?ia  only  once  (i.  96"),  and 
sitnul  on]y  10,  35'",  n.  58^". 

tandem,  H.  7,  J.  11.  In  H.:  Ep.  i.  17'  quamvis  .  .  .  scis  quo 
tandem  pacto  deceat  maioribus  uti."  Wilkins  states,  in  his  note 
on  this  passage,  that  no  parallel  has  been  adduced  for  this  use  of 
tandem  in  a  dependent  question. 

^The  second  hand  of  P,  and  almost  all  the  minor  MSS  have  simul  5I", 
and  so  Mayor  reads  in  his  last  edition.  Buecheler  and  Weidner,  however, 
follow  Jahn  and  read  semel. 

^Krebs  II,  p.  352  ff. 

■'Schutz  thinks  that  tande7n  here  has  the  force  of  doch^nur,  and  serves 
merely  to  fix  the  attention. 


23 

turn,  H.  15,  J.  3.  In  H.:  a)  Of  future  time.  S.  i.  i""',  2.  s''^ 
/7^W2  gener  hoc  faciei,     b)  Then,  thereupon.     See  under  ^^z«(f(?  a). 

In  /. ;  a)  ttim  cum  7^"-.     b)  tunc  .  .  .  turn  in  anaphora  6''-'. 

tunc,  H.  3/  J.  34.  In  H. ;  Thereupon,  then.  S,  2.  2'-^  bene 
erat .  .  .  puUo  atque  haedo  ;  tunc  pensilis  uva  secundas  . . .  ornabat 
mensas.  A.  P.  103.  Cf.  deinde  b).  This  use  oi  ttmc  is  rare  until 
after  the  Augustan  period.  Cic.  Verr.  2.  2.  52,  Fam.  3.  5.  3,  3.  6. 
2,  Livy  3.  70.  8,  7.  8.  i,  45.  25.  i.  Taic  used  thus  is  not  found  in 
Caesar  or  Vergil. 

In/,:  a)  As^=^  thereupon,  then.  6^'''^  iq-'",  12",  I3^"^  See  under 
tunc  in  H.  b)  tunc  .  .  .  turn,  in  anaphora.  6'-'.  c)  tunc  cum, 
tunc  .  .  .  cum.  13^^',  io'*'"\  d)  /z^;zc  .  .  .  quotiens.  14"^  e)  ^?;^- 
phaiic,  ''at  that  very  time.''  2'"'  adulter  .  .  .  qui  tunc  leges  re- 
vocabat  amaras  .  .  .  ipsis  Veneri  Martique  timendas. 

ubi  (temp.),  H.  29,  J.  i.^  In  H.\  ubi -\- ablative  absohite.  S. 
2.  8^"  his  ubi  sublatis,  puer  .  .  .  mensani  pertersit.  In  some  cases 
in  which  H.  would  have  used  ubi,].  uses  quotiens,  which  occurs 
in  H.  only  3  times,  in  J.  19  times. 

ut  (temp.),  H.  10,  J.  2.^ 

3.  Adverbs  of  Manyier  and  Degree. 

adeo,  H.  4,  J.  15.  In  all  four  examples  from  H.^  adeo  is  used 
normally — limiting  an  adjective.  In  no  case  is  it  accompanied  by 
usque  or  any  other  particle.     Nowhere  does  it  follow  its  word. 

Iny. :  a)  Limiting  an  adjective  but  following  its  word.  5^^' 
quis  vestrum  temerarius  usque  adeo  .  .  .  ut  .  .  .  6^"  paucae  adeo. 
6'*'-  uis  deditus  autem  usque  adeo  ut  .  .  .  lo"-"'  rara  est  adeo.  13^**, 
15**".  This  position  oi  adeo,  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  here  used, 
is  not  common.  Ter.  Heaut.  5.  i'",  Verg.  A.  i"''^.^  b)  Introducing 
a  clause — the  conjunctive  use.  3''*  adeo  tot  fata  quot  ilia  nocte 
patent  vigiles  .  .  .  fenestrae.    11'^'  adeo  nulla  uncia  nobis  est  eboris. 

•The  MSS  of  H.  favor  twic,  S.  2.  2I21,  3304,  A.  P.  103.  So  Keller  and 
Holder  read,  and  Keller  states  in  his  Epilegoviena  zii  Horaz,  note  on  S. 
2.  3^°*,  that  here  the  archetype  undoubtedly  had  ttcnc.  Scliiitz  follows  the 
MSS  in  all  three  cases.  Palmer  writes  iiim  S.  2.  z^-^,  tunc  2.  3™*.  Kiess- 
ling  writes  turn  in  all  three  cases,  holding  that  H.  does  not  use  tunc  before 
consonants.     See  his  note  on  Epod.  17'". 

2  I  !«.  3  4<;n  fi:!. 

<S.  I.  I's  f,  Kp.  I.  i-i'',  2.  i'^ 

*The  former  reading,  Livy  4.  54.  4  avidissivio  adeo  populo,  has  been  cor- 
rected to  avidissimo  ad  ea  populo. 


24 

13^-''  quantulacumque  adeo  est  occasio  sufficit  irae.^  This  conjunc- 
tive use  of  a^<?^— where  Cicero  would  have  used  tanium — is  found 
first  Verg.  G.  2^''^^  It  is  quite  common  in  Livy,  and  occurs  in 
Curtius,  Quintihan,  Tacitus,  and  later,  in  Lactantius.  c)  With  a 
verb.     6"^  adeo  sennerunt  Jupiter  et  Mars?     I2'^  14'''. 

The  large  use  of  adeo  in  J.  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  his  fondness 
for  ending  a  thought  with  a  clause  such  as  we  introduce  by  so,  so 
great  For  this  purpose  he  uses  adeo,  or  some  case  of  iantus,  -a, 
-2wi.  Examples  of  such  a  clause  introduced  by  adeo  are  :  6^" 
auratam  lunoni  caede  iuvencam,  si  tibi  contigerit  capitis  matrona 
pudici.  paucae  adeo  Cereris  vittas  contingere  dignae,  quarum  non 
timeat  pater  oscula.  10''',  I2'^  i^'\  I4'='^  15'',  and  elsewhere. 
Examples  of  such  a  clause  introduced  by  some  case  of  tanius,  -a, 
-urn  are  :  6^^^  ta7itum  artes  huius  .  .  .  possunt.  e^-\  f\  10"°'  ''*■ '»', 
j^ss,  75^  j^2M  jj^g  Qj^iy  cases  of  tanius,  -a,  -um  so  introducing 
a  clause  in  H.  are  Ep.  2.  1^°^  tanto  cum  strepitu  ludi  spectantur, 
and  A.  P.  243  and  244. 

alioqui,  H.  2,  J.  o.  S.  I.  4*,  6'"'.  This  word  appears  to  have 
been  introduced  into  literature  by  H.,  and  is  used  in  poetry  by 
him  only.^ 

After  H.  alioq^d  is  used  by  Livy,  and  is  a  favorite  word  in  silver 
Latin.* 

aliter,  H.  i,^  J.  4.  In  /. :  a)  Otherwise,  unless  this  be  true. 
^281  gj.gQ  j^Qj^  aliter  poterit  dormire  ?  b)  Differently,  in  the  con- 
trary manner.  6"  quippe  aliter  tunc  orbe  novo  .  .  .  vivebant 
homines,     c)  non  aliter  .  .  .  quatn.     S"",  f-°. 

Instead  of  aliter  H.  uses  a)  hatid  ita  S.  2.  5".  b)  secus  A.  P. 
14''.     c)  alioqui,  for  which  see  above. 

bene,  H.  43,  J.  11.  \xv  H.\  a)  With  an  adjective,  =valde.^  S. 
I.  3'^^  bene  sano.     9"  beJie  sanae.     H.  so  uses  male  S.  i.  3'^'  *^  4"', 

1  Here  Mayor  and  Weidner  take  adeo  as  =  iniTtio.  As  this  use  of  the  word 
is  not  found  elsewhere  in  J.,  and  it  seems  quite  natural  to  take  it  as  =  "to 
such  an  extent  is  it  true  that " — which  use  is  found  elsewhere  in  J.— I  prefer 
so  to  take  it. 

-The  passage  Cic.  Off.  i.  11.  37  is  bracketed  by  the  recent  editors  as  a 
later  interpolation.     So  Orelli  and  Baiter,  Stickney,  and  C.  F.  W.  Mllller. 

3  Cf.  Kiessling  to  S.  i.  4*.  The  line  Lucret.  3"*  is  rejected  by  Lachmann, 
while  Monroe  reads  there  alioquoi.     Cf.  also  Reisig,  N.  431  b. 

*Cf.  Ribbeck,  Lat.  Part.,  p.  20;  Hand,  I,  p.  235  fol. 

*  Ep.  2.  2^^. 

^Porphyrion  to  H.  Od.  3.  24^  bene  pro  valde  positum,  ut  apud  Ennium 
frequenter. 


25 

9''^  2.  5"-  For  this  usage  in  Latin  consult  Wolfflin,  Archiv,  I,  p. 
95  ff.,  and  the  references  of  Schnialz,  Ueber  den  Sprachgebrauch 
des  Asinius  Pollio,  p.  43.  b)  bene  est,  bene  erat.  S.  2.  2^'^°  bene 
erat  .  .  .  pullo  atque  haedo.  6*,  8*,  Ep.  i.  i®^,  12*  si  ventri  bene,  si 
lateri  est.  Cf.  Odes  3.  16*^  bene  est.  This  usage  belongs  mainly 
to  the  style  of  conversation,  c)  S.  2.  21'^  valeas  bene,  d)  A.  P. 
428  clamabit  enim  'pulchre,  bene,  recte.' 

In/.:  10'- '<5^;Z(?  habet :  nil  plus  interrogo.'  This  same  expres- 
sion occurs  Cic.  Mur.  6.  14,  Prop.  5  (4).  ii^',  Livy  8.  6.  4,  9.  i, 
Stat.  Th.  ii^^\  12"^^  Cf.  Mayor  on  J.  10'-.  In  the  conversational 
style  of  an  author  so  fond  of  his  ease  as  H.  we  should  naturally 
expect  a  much  larger  use  of  a  broad  and  for  the  most  part  color- 
less word  like  bene  than  in  the  vigorous  and  direct  style  of  J. 
Male  occurs  28  times  in  H.,  4  times  in  J. 

benigne,  H.  3,  J.  o.  a)  In  declining  an  offer,  "I  thank  you." 
Ep.  I.  7'"  'at  tu  quantum  vis  tolle.'  'benigne'  .  .  .  'ut  libet.'  y**-. 
This  usage  occurs  in  Plautus  and  Terence  and  Cic.  Verr.  3.  85. 
196.  Schiitz  cfs.  KoKai  in  Greek."  b)  Freely,  fully.  Ep.  i.  17" 
si  prodesse  tuis  pauloque  benignius.     So  Od.  i.  9". 

frustra,  H.  8,  J.  o.^  Frustra  is  used  by  almost  every  Latin 
poet,  including  Lucan,  Statins,  Silius  and  Martial.  I  find  no  sub- 
stitute in  J.     He  uses  nequiquam  8""\ 

humane,  H.  i,  J.  o.  Ep.  2.  2'"  intervalla  vides  humane  com- 
moda.  Humane  is  here  used  in  irony,  and  has  the  force  oi probe, 
admodum.     Cf.  the  notes  of  Schiitz  and  Kiessling. 

iia,  H.  23,  J.  4.  In  H.:  a)  ila  ut.  S.  i.  2'"  vix  credere  possis 
quam  sibi  non  sit  amicus,  iia  ut  pater  ille  .  .  .  Cf.  Caes.  B.  G.  i. 
12  flumen  est  Ara  ,  .  .  incredibili  lenitate,  iia  ut  .  .  .,  and  i.  38. 
b)  In  answering,  ''Yes."  S.  2.  y''  'Davus-ne?'  'iia,  Davus.' 
Cf.  Ten  Eun.  4.  4^"*,  And.  5.  2-,  Cic.  Or.  2.  10.  43.  c)  In  adjura- 
tion. S.  2.  2^-'  ac  venerata  Ceres,  iia  culmo  surgeret  alto,  expli- 
cuit  .  .  ,  Similarly  H.  uses  sic  Od.  i.  3^  S.  2.  3^"".  d)  haud  ita, 
non  ita,  followed  by  a7t  adjective  or  adverb.  See  under  hated  a) 
below,  e)  atque  ita  porro.  S.  i.  3'"  pugnis,  dein  fustibus,  atque 
ita  porro  pugnabant  arm  is. 

In  _/  ;  a)  To  mark  a  direct  quotation.  2*  atque  ita  subridens, 
'Felicia  tempora  .  .  .'     13'-".     b)   With  illative  force,  "then,''  "so 

'In  all  of  these  passages  the  expression  is  '  l>ene  habet'  and  in  a  direct 
quotation. 

^  Ar.  Ran.  512. 

•^  Cf.  Wolfflin  on  Frustra,  neqtiiqtiani  ttiid  Synotiyma,  Archiv,  II,  p.  9  ff. 


26 

ihenr     6'"  'pone  crucem   servo.'      'meruit  quo  crimine  servus 
.  .  .?'     '.  .  .  o  demens,  ita  servus  homo  est?  ' 

That  H.  uses  ita  so  inuch  oftener  than  J.  is  partially  to  be 
accounted  for  by  the  fondness  of  the  former  for  similes  and  com- 
parisons. The  colloquial  element  in  H.,  too,  has  its  influence 
here;  so  b)  and  c)  in  H.  above.  H.  uses  ita  twice  for  tain,  which 
usage  is  not  found  in  J. 

item,  H.  2,  J.  o.  S.  i.  3",  A.  P.  90.  Item  is  not  freely  used  in 
poetry.  Besides  the  examples  just  quoted  from  H.,  I  find  the 
word  only  in  Plautus  and  Terence,  Cat.  6r^^  Lucr.  5'^',  Verg.  G. 
i'^'  Culex  402.  Item  is  doubtful  for  Tacitus,  but  occurs  in  Pliny 
the  Elder,  Quintilian  and  Suetonius. 

longe,  H.  9,  J.  8.  In  //!:  a)  With  the  superlative.  S.  i.  5' 
longe  d'octissimus.  5'',  6'-'%  H.  uses  multo  with  a  superlative 
twice.  S.  I.  5'',  2.  3''.  Only  multo  was  used  to  strengthen  the 
superlative  until  Cicero,  who  used  longe  first  Rose.  Am.  12.  33. 
Then  for  a  considerable  time  Cicero  uses  longe  and  multo  almost 
equally.  In  his  latest  writings  multo  is  the  exception.  Caesar 
uses  only  longe,  Nepos  only  imilto.  Sallust  uses  multo  4  times, 
loiige  once  (Jug.  9.  2).  Livy,  Pliny  tne  Elder,  and  Quintilian  use 
both  multo  and  longe  with  the  superlative.  Only  multo  survives 
in  the  Romance  languages;  showing  that  it  was  used  rather  than 
longe  in  the  language  of  daily  life.'  H.  nowhere  uses  longe  with 
a  comparative ;  notice,  however,  S.  2.  5"'  vincit  longe.  b)  longe 
longeque.     S.  i.  6'*.     See  under  Doubling  of  Adverbs. 

In  /. :  a)  Of  time.  7"  longe  ferrata  domus.  Longe  temporal 
occurs  several  times  in  Martial,  b)  With  a  comparative.  6'''" 
longe  minus.  This  usage  occurs  Hirtius,  B.  A.  46.  4,  B.  H.  7.  5, 
Sail.  Hist.  3.  61.  9  D.,  Verg.  A.  9^^«,  Ov.  M.  ^'^\  and  in  Livy,  Vel- 
leius,  Valerius  Maximus,  Curtius,  Seneca,  Quintilian,  and  other 
silver  writers.'  I  cannot  parallel  the  example  from  J.  of  longe 
with  the  comparative  in  any  silver  poet  except  Phaedrus.  J.  has 
no  example  of  a  superlative  limited  by  longe,  multo  or  multum. 

male,  H.  28,  J.  4.  \n  H.\  a)  With  an  adjective,  —valde.  S. 
I.  3^1  male  laxus.  3*%  4'',  9''.  2.' 5*'-  For  this  usage  see  under 
bene  a),  and   Schmalz,  Ueber  den  Sprachgebrauch  des  Asinius 

1  For  this  treatment  of  lo7ige  and  vmlto^\X\^  the  superlative  I  am  indebted 
to  Thielmann,  De  sernionis  proprittatibus  quae  Icgtuitur  apiid  Cornificiuni  et 
in  primis  Ciceronis  libris,  p.  69  ff.,  and  to  Wolfflin,  Lateinische  und  roman- 
ische  Coniparation,  p.  37  ff. 

2  Wolfflin,  Lateinische  und  rotnanische  Coviparation,  pp.  39-40. 


27 

Pollio,  p.  44.  b)  With  negative  force}  S.  2.  3^'"  male  tutae 
mentis.  4''  male  creditur.  5'^  6'^  Ep.  i.  ig',  20'''.  For  the  dis- 
proportion in  the  number  of  times  male  occurs  in  H.  and  J,  cf.  the 
remark  on  bene,  p.  24. 

m2dto,  H.  7,  J.  I.  J.  13'^".  Where  multo  might  have  been 
written  J.  sometimes  uses  longe  or  viultum.  See  under  those 
words.  For  m^ilto  with  the  superlative  see  under  longe  in  H.  a) 
and  in  J.  (end). 

7nultum,  H.  12,  J.  5.  In  H.:  With  an  adjective.  S.  2.  3'" 
imdtiim  celer.  5^'-,  Ep.  i.  10''  vmltnm  dissimiles.  2.  2"".  For 
this  usage  consult  Wolfiflin,  Lateiiiische  tind  romanische  Compa- 
ratio7i,  p.  8.  It  is  vulgar  in  its  origin,  and  frequent  in  Plautus. 
Reisig,  N.  402";  Krebs,  II,  p.  loi.  It  occurs  in  Cic.  Off.  i.  109, 
Agr.  3.  13. 

In  /.:  a)  With  an  adjective,  as  above.  10^  imiltmn  diversa. 
b)  With  the  comparative.  10'^"  multum  hie  robustior.  1 2^.  This 
usage  is  not  common,  and  is  not  found  in  Cicero  or  Caesar.^ 
Plaut.  Most.  3.  2^",  Luc.  2"",  Quint.  10.  i.  94,  Sil.  13™^' 

nequaquam,  H.  2,  J.  o.     S.  2.  4^®,  Ep,  2.  1'-°. 

Neg7iaqua?n  is  a  prose  word.  Besides  the  above  examples  I 
find  in  poetry  only  Plaut.  Cas.  3.  2*,  Trin.  2.  4'". 

neguiqnam,  H.  2,  J.  i.  H.  S.  2.  7-',  Ep.  i.  3''.  J.  8'°^  Neq7ii- 
qjiam  is  almost  entirely  avoided  by  silver  prose-writers.  Only 
Quintilian  and  Tacitus  use  it  once  each :  Quint.  8.  2.  2,  Tac.  Hist. 
2.  24.  Among  silver  poets  Persius  uses  it  3  times  (2^^  4'^'  ^°), 
Lucan  once,  Valerius  14  times,  Silius  22  times.  Statins  16  times. 
Martial  does  not  use  the  word,  employing  yrz«/r«  11  times.' 
Wolfflin,  Archiv,  II,  pp.  7-10. 

nimis,  H.  6,  J.  i.* 

niminm,  H.  7,  J.  o. 

pariter,  H.  4,  J.  11.  J.  uses  pariter  where  simul  might  be 
expected.     See  under  simul,  p.  22.     J.  does  not  use  simul. 

parum,  H.  3,  J.  o. 

prave,  H.  4,  J.  o.  S.  2.  3-'  sive  ego  prove  seu  recte  hoc  volui. 
Ep.  I.  i'"*  prave  sectum  .  .  .  unguem.  2.  \^'^,  A.  P.  88  prudens 
prave.     Cf.  recte  and  the  last  remarks  on  that  word. 

'Cf.  Wilkinson  Ep.  i.  19-'. 
2  Krebs,  II,  p.  loi. 

"For  multum  ante,  infra,  etc.,  consult  Krebs,  II,  p.  loi,  and  Kiihner, 
Lateinische  Grammatik,  II,  p.  295. 

4  6445_ 


28 

pulchre,  H.  2,  J.  o.  S.  2.  8'"  pulchre  fuerit  tibi.  A.  P.  428 
clamabit  enim,  'pulch-e,  bene,  recte.' 

qui,  H.  15,  J.o.  H.  uses  qui  d.s  =  q2W  modo  in  every  case, 
never  as  =  quare,  or  in  any  of  the  other  uses  so  common  in  early 
Latin/  ^)  With  a  verb.  S.  1. 1' ^z«  fit  .  .  .  ut  .  .  .  i^^'illuc  redeo 
qui  nemo  ut  avarus  se  probet/  2.  3^°^'  ^•'°.  Ep.  i.  6",  A.  P.  462. 
b)  With  an  adjective.  S.  2.  3'"  qui  sanior  ac  si  .  .  .?  3'"'  "\  7'°'. 
Ep.  I.  6*',  16*''  qui  mehor  servo,  qui  Hberior,  sit  avarus  .  .  .  non 
video,  c)  Alone.  S.  i.  3'''  sutor  tamen  est  sapiens,  qtiif  d) 
In  anaphora.     Ep.  i.  16"^ 

1  find  no  substitute  of  J.  for  qui.  He  uses  quo  .  .  .  modo  once 
(6"").  Qui  is  a  prose  word.  I  find  no  clear  example  in  classical 
or  silver  poetry  beyond  those  in  the  S.  and  Ep.  of  Horace,  Pers. 
i^^,  Phaed.  i.  i'.,  Caesar  uses  qui  only  B.  C.  2.  32^  Nepos  only 
Ar.  3.  2.  In  silver  prose  I  find  only  Quint.  5.  13.  45,  6.  i.  7,  7.  3. 
34,  and  Pliny,  7.  5.  189. 

recte,  H.  33,  J.  i.'  H.  uses  recte  broadly,  a)  S.  i.  4''  scribendi 
recte.  A.  P.  309.  b)  S.  2.  2'*  uni  nimirum  tibi  recte  semper 
erunt  res,  i.  e.  things  will  be  prosperous  with  you.  3^®'.  c)  Ep. 
I.  I*®  rem  facias;  rem  si  possis  recte;  si  non,  quocumque  modo 
rem.  d)  Ep.  i.  2"  recte  vivendi.  6'\  2>\  16".  e)  Ep.  i.  f  recte 
.  .  .  valentem.  16''.  f)  Ep.  i.  8'^  ut  valeat .  .  .  ut  placeat  iuveni 
percontare :  si  dicet  'recte'  ...  g)  A.  P.  428  clamabit  enim  'pul- 
chre, bene,  recte'  The  large  use  of  recte  in  H.  is  partially  to  be 
accounted  for  by  his  conversational  style.  So  e),  f),  g)  above. 
H.  uses  recte  4  times  in  the  Odes,  whereas  the  word  appears  to 
be  rare  elsewhere  in  poetry.  Beyond  the  examples  in  Plautus, 
Terence  and  H.,  I  find  only  Ov.  Pont.  2.  3>^  Mart.  7.  ^d\  J.  9"'- 

secus,  H.  I,  J.  o.  A.  P.  149.  Among  the  silver  poets  I  find 
only  one  example  oi  secus — Luc.  lo"^ 

sic,  H.  60,  J.  26.  In  H.:  a)  "As  follows;'  of  a  direct  quotation. 
S.  I.  i*'^  ut  quidam  .  .  .  dives  populi  contemnere  voces  sic  solitus : 
populus  me  sibilat  ...  2.  i=^\  6"«,  8™,  Ep.  i.  \f\  2.  2^  b)  Thus, 
in  the  above  words,  of  a  direct  quotation.  S.  1.  4''°.  c)  For  adeo. 
S.  2.  8''  'ut  .  .  .  iuvit  te  cena?'  '.  .  .  sic  ut  mihi  numquam  .  .  . 
fuerit  melius.'     d)  sic  .  .  .  si.     Ep.  i.  7''^  sic  ignovisse  putato  me 

>  See  the  dissertation  of  Kienitz,  De  qui  localis  modalis  apnd  priscos 
Latinos  usu  (Leipsic,  1879). 

2  Here  I  follow  the  reading  of  Cruquius,  Palmer,  Kiessling,  and  the  last 
edition  of  Orelli,  against  the  formerly  accepted  ilhic  .  .  .  redeo  nemo  iit. 


29 

tibi,  si  cenas  hodie  mecum,  e)  In  adjuration.  S.  2.  3^°"  stoice, 
post  damnum  sic  vendas  omnia  pluris,  qua  me  stultitia  insanire 
putas?  For  this  usage  see  Kiessling  on  Od.  i.  3^  It  survived 
in  Italian-'  f)  sic  .  .  .  ut  for  tanhim  .  .  .  quantum.  S.  2.  S^*'  pa- 
rochi  .  .  .  nil  sic  metuentis  ut  acris  potiores.  g)  In  drawing  a 
moral  conclusion.  Ep.  i.  10''^  sic  qui  paupertatem  veritus  potiore 
metallis  libertate  caret  dominum  vehet.  Cf.  Ep.  1.9'".  h)  For 
TAM,  limiting  an  adjective.  S.  i.  3'**  nil  fuit  umquam  sic  impar 
sibi.  5**",  Ep.  2.  1'™  sic  leve,  sic  parvum  est  animum  quod  laudis 
avarum  submit,  i)  Limiting  a  verbal  7ioun.  Ep.  2.  i"  sic  fautor 
veterum.  Cf.  quondam  b)  and  modo  (in  J.)  c).  j)  In  anaphora. 
Ep.  I.  i8"-^  2.  i"l 

Iny. ;  a)  sic  zit^=^on  condition  that.  8'^  sed  te  censeri  laude 
tuorum  Pontice  noluerim  sic  ut  nihil  ipse  futurae  laudis  agas.  S^^''. 
Cf.  sic  ...  si,  d)  above,  b)  ergo  cavebis  .  .  .  ne  tu  sic  Creticus 
aut  Camerinus.  c)  13'^'  continue  sic  collige  quod  ...  e)  ^'As 
follows"  of  a  direct  quotation.  14'^".  f)  In  the  above  words — of 
a  direct  quotation.     15".     ^  In  anaphora.     6'"^ 

The  large  difference  in  the  number  of  times  sic  occurs  in  H. 
and  J.  is  partially  to  be  attributed  to  the  fact  that  H.  is  very  fond 
of  simile,  while  J.  uses  this  figure  much  less  frequently. 

sicut,  H.  2,  J.  6.  In/.:  a)  As  for  iristance.  6^"  multa  in  facie 
deformia,  sicut  attritus  galea  mediisque  in  naribus  ingens  gibbus. " 
7^°*.  b)  Inasmuch  as,  since.  1^'-  huius  .  .  .  miserabile  debet  ex- 
emplum  esse  cibi,  sicztt  modo  dicta  mihi  gens  .  .  .  hostibus  ipsis 
pallorem  ac  maciem  .  .  .  miserantibus  .  .  .  membra  aliena  fame 
lacerabant.  Only  two  other  examples  of  sicut  in  this  sense  are 
quoted — Plaut.  Epid.  2.  2''  and  Mil.  4.  I'^l' 

tafn,  H.  13,  J.  25.  H.  uses  tarn  with  a  verb  only  once.  Ep.  i. 
7^**  tarn  teneor  dono  quam  si  .  .  .    J.  does  not  so  use  ta?n. 

Instead  of  tarn  with  an  adjective  or  adverb,  H.  uses  ita  twice,'' 
tanium  three  times,'  adeo  four  times,^  and  sic  three  times.**  J.  also 
uses  adeo  where  tarn  might  have  been  employed.  See  examples 
under  adeo  above. 

1  Dante,  Purg.  2'"  Cotal  m'  apparve,  si  ancor  lo  veggia,  Un  lume  .  .  . 

Ters.  I.  3"  is  doubtful.  Tyrrell  on  Mil.  4.  i'^^,  after  Langen,  denies  that 
sicut  can  be  causal.  Ribbeck,  Der  cchte  und  der  tinechte  Juvenal,  p.  48, 
cites  this  causal  use  oi  sicut  as  pointing  to  the  spuriousness  of  the  Fifteenth 
Satire. 

•■'S.  I.  !'•«■',  2.  8'«.  <  S.  2.  3'"-''  ■*",  5™. 

^S.  I.  \^'\  f,  Ep.  I.  1^9,  2.  i^*.  «S.  I.  319,  569,  Ep.  2.  i"». 


30 

tantum,  H.  14,  J.  26.  In  H.:  Limiting  an  adjective.  S.  2.  3"^ 
tantum  dissimiletn.     3"',  5-".     Cf.  multum  dissimiles  Ep.  i.  lo'^ 

In/.:  a)  i"^  cuius  ad  effigiem  own  taniuni  meiere  fas  est.  b) 
In  anaphoi'a.     7'^ 

H.  uses  tantum  .  .  .  gtiantum  twice — S.  i.  8^',  2.  5*".  J.  does 
not  use  this  combination.  H.  uses  tantum  "only"  7  times,  before 
its  word  3  times — S.  i.  4'  mutatis  tantum  pedibus.  2.  3i«so''';  J. 
24  times,  before  its  word  7  times. 

ut  (modi),  H.  7,  J.  o.  In  H.\  a)  Interrogative.  S.  2.  5^-  ut 
ne  tegam  spurco  Damae  latus?  8\  Ep.  i.  3'-',  18'".  This  usage, 
Hke  the  following,  belongs  mainly  to  the  style  of  conversation, 
b)  Exclaviatory.  S.  2.  6^^  ut  tu  semper  eris  derisor !  8'",  Ep.  i. 
19^1  Instead  of  ut  J.  uses  quam.  10-*  quam  timeo  victus  ne 
poenas  exigat  Aiax. 

utaimque,Y{.  o,].  i.  10''^  exitus  ille  utc7imqice  hominis,  Ut- 
cumque  here  =  at  any  rate,  in  any  case.  This  usage  occurs  first 
Livy  29. 15. 1.  Then  Ovid,  Curtius,  Quintilian,  Pliny  the  Younger, 
Tacitus,  and  Suetonius^  use  it.'^ 

valde,  H.  2,  J.  o.  Ep.  i.  9*^  videt  ac  novit  me  valdnis  ipso. 
A.  P.  321. 

The  only  example  oivalde  I  find  in  poetry,  other  than  those  in 
Plautus  and  the  Epistles  of  Horace,  are  Cat.  68"'  and  Mart.  3.  44^ 

vehit,  H.  14,  J.  6.  In  H.:  S.  2.  8^*  ut  nihil  omnino  gustaremus 
velut  illis  Canidia  adflasset.     Velut  here  =  velut  si.     A.  P.  245. 

In  /.  .•  For  velut  si.    4\  6*',  13''',  13''*.    J.  does  not  use  velut  si. 

veluti,  H.  9,  J.  I."  In  H.:  For  vehit  si.  S.  2.  3^1  Martial 
uses  veluti  only  once  (11.  36^). 

4.  Adverbs  of  Chance. 

forsan,  H.  o,  J.  2. 

for  sit,  H.  I,  J.  o.     Forsit  S.  i.  b^'^  appears  to  be  'd-na^  Xeyofxevov.* 

forsitan,  H.  o,  J.  6.  J.  uses  forsitan  with  the  indicative.  14'^^ 
hac  forsitan  ipsa  nocte  cadet.  This  construction  is  poetical  (Ovid, 
Propertius)  and  post-Augustan.  Riemann.^/z^^i?^  sur  Tite-Live, 
p.  292. 

fortasse,  H.  4,  J.  5. 

1  Krebs,  II  639. 

'^  Dr.,  Syntax  u?td  Stil  des  Tacitus,  p.  9. 

3  J  i200_ 

*This  passage  is  quoted  by  Priscian,  p.  1015  P.  Fors  et  is  now  read 
Verg.  A.  ii^°  2.\xA  forsitan  Lucr.  6"^ 


fortassis,  H.  2,  J.  o.  S.  i.  4"\  2.  7'".  Elsewhere  in  poetry  I 
find  fortassis  only  Plant.  As.  2.  4^^  Bacch.  4.  4-''.  Caesar  and 
Nepos  do  not  use  the  form  ;  Cicero  in  the  Orations  only  Cluent. 
144  and  201. 

iemere^  H.  6,  J.  o.  a)  noji  temere,  7iot  at  random,  not  easily. 
S.  2.  2"''non  ego  temere  edi  luce  profesta  quicquam  praeter  holus. 
Schiitz  here  explains  non  .  .  .  temere  by  no7i facile.  Palmer  com- 
pares ov  paSicos.  Ep.  2.  i^'^"  vatis  avarus  non  temere  est  animus. 
2^^  b)  At  random,  easily — withotd  the  negative.  A.  P.  160  iram 
colligit  ac  ponit  temere.  This  usage  is  found  in  all  periods,  but  is 
rare  in  classical  prose.  Krebs,  II,  p.  587.  As  H.  uses  ?Z(?w /<??«^r^, 
].  Mses  haud  facile.  ^^*  haud  facile  emergunt  quorum  virtubus 
obstat  res  angusta  domi. 

5.  Coinparative  with  the  force  of  the  positive. 

ocius,  H.  3,  J.  4.  \n  H.\  S.  i.  9^  ire  modo  ocitis,  interdum  con- 
sistere.     2,  7^*' "'. 

In  f. :  6"^  exi  ocius  et  propera.     6"",  7"^  14"^^     Cf.  Ter.  Heaut. 

4.  7^  Plaut.  Cure.  2.  2'\  Caes.  B.  G.  5.  44,  Verg.  A.  f-\  Pers.  3' 
ocius  adsit  hue  aliquis  ! 

citius,\i.o,].  2.  i^"  «VzM^  dimitte.  Mosaris?  4'^*.  Cf,  Ter. 
Hec.  3.  z\ 

6.  Doubling  of  Adverbs. 

iam  iam,  H.  o,  J.  i.  6''-"  iam  iam  privignum  occidere  fas  est. 
lam  iam  occurs  in  all  periods,  and  in  prose  as  well  as  poetry. 
Hand,  III,  p.  155  ff. 

longe  longeqtie,  H.  i,  J.  o.  S.  i.  6^*  quid  oportet  nos  facere  a 
volgo  longe  longeque  remotos.  Schiitz  remarks  in  his  note  on 
this  passage  that  longe  longeque  is  good  Latin.  Cic.  Fin.  2.  21. 
68;  Ov.  M.  4'"^;  Flor.  i,  45.  4;  Cell.  14.  i.  20;  Digest  4.  4.  39.'^ 

unde  unde,  H.  i,  J.  o.  S,  i.  3*®  qui  nisi  .  .  .  nummos  unde  unde 
extricat,  i.  e.  undectcnique.     As  to  this  usage  see  Orelli  on  S.  i.  3^*. 

7,  Other  Adverbs. 

equidem,  H.  4,  J.  o.     Concessively,  ''it  is  true,"  ''to  be  sure.'^ 

5.  2.  1''^  equidevi  nihil  hinc  diffindere  possum,  sed  tamen  .  .  .     Ep. 

•As  regards  the  length  of  the  final  e  in  tenure  see  the  note  of  Wolfflin, 
Archiv,  IV,  p.  51, 

'^  Schiitz  cites  Lucr.  3'''',  but  Lachmann  seems  right  in  separating  the 
words  there. 


32 

2.  i^'.  H.  uses  equidem  only  with  the  first  person  singular.  So 
Terence/  Cicero,  Caesar,  Vergil,  Quintilian,  both  the  Plinys,  and 
Tacitus.  Plautus,  Varro,  Sallust,  Persius,  Lucan,  Curtius,  Justinus 
and  Ausonius  do  not  regard  the  supposed  derivation  {ego  +  qui- 
deni)  in  their  use  of  equidem'^ 

I  find  no  example  of  equidem  in  any  poet  contemporary  with 
Juvenal,  Tacitus  uses  the  word  only  5  times  (Agr.  33.  14,  Dial. 
7.  I,  21.  I,  26.  15,  An.  3.  12.  19). 

hand,  H.  15,  J.  8.  In  //[;  a)  With  adverbs — in  litotes.  S.  2. 
2*"  haud  ita  pridem.  5'^  haud  ita  Troiae  me  gessi.  Cf.  A.  P.  254 
non  ita  pridem  and  S.  2.  6'  non  ita  magnus.  Cicero  has  no  exam- 
ple of  haud  ita.  Caesar,  Nepos,  Vergil  and  Livy  use  both  haud 
ita  and  non  ita  (rare  in  Livy).^  Ep.  i.  7*"  haud  male,  b)  With 
adjectives — in  litotes.  S.  i.  i^^  haud  ignara.  Ep.  2.  2^'**  haud 
ignobilis.  c)  With  pronouns — an  emphatic  negative.  S.  i.  4" 
haud  illud  quaerentes  num  ...  2.  6"'  haud  mihi  vita  est  opus 
hac.  This  usage  is  colloquial.  Ter.  And.  2.  i'"  haud  ego,  3.  2^% 
Hec.  2.  3^  haud  pol  me  quidem.  Plaut.  Capt.  3.  4"^  haud  istuc. 
d)  With  a  causal  clause.  Ep.  i.  8*  haud  quia  grando  contuderit 
vitis  .  .  .  sed  quia  ...  e)  With  verbs.  S.  i.  9^"  and  2.  i^'  haud 
mihi  dero.     i"^'*  haud  petet. 

H.  uses  non  sine  5  times,  never  haud  sine.^  Haud  occurs  only 
once  in  the  Odes  and  Epodes  of  H.  (Epod.  i'''). 

Inf.:  a)  With  a7i  adverb — in  litotes.  3'" /i^7^^  facile.  h)With 
an  adjective — in  litotes.  €  haiid  similis.  8^®^  haud  mira.  11", 
13"'"'^^?^^  impunitum.  14^^",  16®.  c)  In  a7t  exhortation,  f^  haud 
tamen  invideas  rati  quem  pulpita  pascunt.  I  cannot  parallel  this 
use  oi  haud.     Cf.  Hand,  III,  p.  35.'^ 

plerumque,  H.  6,  J.  i.®  The  silver  poets  seem  to  have  avoided 
this  word,  not  frequent  in  the  Augustan  poets.  I  find  no  other 
example  than  J.  11*",  Phaedr.  i.  29^  3.  16".  'WherG  plerimique 
might  have  been  employed,  J.  nsesferme  8'',  if^^,fere  io'-\  14''^ 
H.  also  uses  fere  in  this  sense. 

1  Jordan,  Kritische  Beitrdge  zur  Geschichte  der  Lat.  Sprache,  p.  327  ff. 

^Ribbeck,  Lat.  Partikeln,  p.  36  ff.;  Jordan,  Kritische  Beitrdge,  p.  314  ff. 

^Dr.  I,  p.  134  ;  Kiihnast,  Liv.  Syntax,  p.  350. 

*  Lucr.  a'-*"  haud  sine. 

*For  a  discussion  of  hand  in  the  different  Latin  authors  consult  the  dis- 
sertation of  Planer,  De  Hand  et  Haud-quaquam  negationum  apud  scriptores 
Latinos  usu  (Jena,  1886),  and  Reisig,  188  N. 


33 

Praeferea,  H.  3,  J.  11.  Where  prae^erea  might  have  been  used 
H.  uses,  a)  insuper.  S.  2.  4"®  msuper  addes.  b)  super.  S.  2.  7'* 
adde  super,  c)  adde,  aide  quod.  S.  i.  i'*  panis  ematur,  olus  .  .  . 
adde  quis  .  .  .  doleat  natura  negatis.  2*'  adde  hue  quod  ...  2. 
■2^,  3-'''  ^'\  7■'^  Ep.  I.  18"'.  J.  also  uses  adde  thus  \2^  adde  et 
bascandas  et  .  .  .,  and  adde  quod  14^"  «^^<?  quod  hunc  egregium 
populus  putat.  15".  d)  porro.  Ep.  i.  16^^  nam  qui  cupiet 
metuet  quoque,  porro  qui  metuens  vivet,  hber  mihi  non  erit 
umquam. 

quidem,  H.  5,  J.  9.  In  H.:  Concessively.  Ep.  i,  9^  multa  qtd- 
dem  dixi,  cur  excusatus  abirem,  sed  timui  ...     Cf.  equidem  above. 

In.  J.:  Concessively.  2"  hispida  membra  quidem  .  .  .  promittunt 
atrocum  animum,  sed  .  .  .     2^°",  6"**,  8"^  11',  12-",  15". 

usqjie,  H.  17,  J.  8.  In  H.:  a)  With  ad.  S.  i.  i^^  ad  usque 
supremum  tempus.  2'^  inguen  ad  obscaenum  tisque.  3',  5*'-'  ^. 
b)  With  the  name  of  a  town.  S.  i.  6^°^  usque  Tarentum.  c)  Of 
time,  ''continually''  ''ever.''  S.  i.  4'"  usqice  laborantes  dum  .  .  . 
gi5. 19^  ^  jT6^  ^«  Ep^  J  jQ.,^  2.  2"'''  ■^'»,  A.  P.  154,  354  si  peccat  idem 
Hbrarius  usque,  d)  S.  i.  2''^  poenas  dedit  usque  superque  quam 
satis  est. 

In  /.:  a)  With  ad,  a.  lO""^  usqice  ad  delicias.  13'^^  usque  a 
lucifero.  b)  Without  ad — as  a  preposition}  10^  usqzie  Auroram 
et  Gangen.  Usque  as  a  preposition  is  post-Augustan.-  Luc.  3"^®°; 
Pliny  3-  5-  75  Cretam  usque,  18.  25.  215  ;  Just.  7.  i.  4 ;  Stat.  Th.  ii«'; 
Val.  Fl.  2'".-'     c)   With  adeo.     3*'  tisqiie  adeo  nihil  est  quod  .  .  . 

For  a  full  discussion  of  tisqzie  with  the  accusative  see  Wolffliri, 
Archiv,  IV,  pp.  52-67.  For  "  Usqtie  als  selbst'dndiges  Adverb'' 
and  "  Usque  ad,  in,  sub,  super, post,  ante"  see  Thielmann,  Archiv, 
V,  pp.  438-52,  and  VII,  p.  103  ff.,  respectively. 

utpote,  H.  4,  J.  o.  S.  I.  5'-"*  inde  Rubos  fessi  pervenimus  7itpote 
longum  carpentes  iter,  d^^^  utpote  pluris  culpari  dignos.  2.  4^ 
utpote  res  tenui  sermone  peractas.  A.  P.  206  utpote  parvus.  This 
use  oi  utpote  with  a  participle  and  adjectives,  instead  of  the  more 
common  construction  with  the  relative,  is  not  usual.  Nepos  Hann. 
2.  3  puerulo  me  utpote  non  amplius  novem  annos  nato. 

Utpote  occurs  several  times  in  Plautus;  Cat.  64^®;  Nep.  Hann.  2. 

'  Cf.  the  similar  use  of  sitnul  and  procul  in  H. 
''Livy  44.  5.  6  ad  has  been  inserted  by  the  editors. 
■'Other  examples  are  quoted  Dr.  I,  p.  598. 


34 

3;  Sail.  Cat.  57  ;  Asin.  Pol.  apud  Cic.  Fam.  10.  32.  4.  It  is  found 
in  Cicero's  Orations  only  Phil.  5.  30,  and  Terence,  Caesar,  Vergil 
do  not  use  it.  I  find  no  example  after  H.  except  Prudent.  Apoth. 
903  C. 

III.— Substitutes  for  Adverbs. 

I.  Adjectives. 

In  the  case  of  many  words  expressing-  time,  place,  and  more 
especially  manner,  it  is  sometimes  most  difficult  to  determine 
whether  an  adjective  is  more  natural  in  language  or  an  adverb. 
In  such  cases  the  Latin  often  employs  an  adjective,  whereas  an 
adverb  is  regularly  used  in  English.  In  a  number  of  the  examples 
quoted  below  it  is  impossible  to  say  with  confidence  whether 
adverb  or  adjective  would  be  expected.  In  some  cases  I  have 
been  influenced  by  the  position. 

In  //!:  a)  nocturno  certare  mero,  putere  diurno  Ep.  i.  19",  2. 
2™,  A.  P.  269.  hesternis  vitiis  S.  2.  2'^  6^''\  qui  nodurmis  .  .  . 
legerit  S.  i.  3^'',  2.  6"°,  Ep.  i.  19",  2.  2™,  A.  P.  269.  venit  obvius 
illi  adversarius  S.  i.  9",  2.  6^\  omyiis  in  hoc  sum  Ep.  i.  i".  haec 
(voluptas)  vara  cadat  S.  i.  2'°,  f\  A.  P.  259.  nauta  .  .  .  stertit 
.  .  .  suphms  S.  I.  5'".  ibam  .  .  .  nescio  quid  nugarum  meditans 
totus  in  illis  S.  i.  9',  2.  7"'.  vespertj7iumc{\ie  pererro  saepe  forum 
S.  I.  6^^  2.  4",  Ep.  I.  e\ 

b)  qui  se  vixisse  beahim  dicat  S.  i.  i"",  3"%  2.  6"".  (redemptor) 
festinat  calidus  Ep.  2.  2".  candidus  imperti  Ep.  i.  6*^^  vivo 
cams  amicis  S.  i.  6™.  quae  si  (Ulixes)  .  .  .  cupidus  .  .  .  bibisset 
Ep.  I.  2'*.  mihi  dukes  ignoscent  .  .  .  amici  S.  i.  3'''^  4'-^^  potius 
quam  .  .  .  ferns  impingas  Ep.  i.  13*.  gnavus  .  .  .  pete  Ep.  i.  6"°. 
idoneus  imperor  Ep.  i.  5".  si  quis  .  .  .  laudat  .  . .  igJiarus  S.  2. 
6™.  (Aristius)  fugit  improbus  S.  i.  9",  2.  6"".  agitant  pueri  in- 
cautique  sequuntur  A.  P.  456.  cur  versus  factitet ;  utrum  ...  an 
triste  bidental  moverit  incestus  A.  P.  272.  (ne  dominus)  incom- 
modus  augat  Ep.  i.  i8'\  qui  .  .  .  famae  servit  inepius  S.  i.  6^^ 
cur  lector  premat  .  .  .  iniquus  Ep.  i;  19''*'.  imperor  .  .  .  non  invi- 
tus  Ep.  I.  5".  si  possum  donata  reponere  laeius  Ep.  i.  7=*^ 
(Lucilius)  cum  flueret  lutulcntus  S.  i.  4".  Varius  discedit  maesius 
S.  I.  5^^  cur  .  .  .  stringat  mains  S.  i.  2®.  quern  miserum  .  .  . 
vixisse  S.  i.  2'',  A.  P.  170.  pravus  facis  S.  i.  4™.  probus  quis 
nobiscum  vivit  S.  i.  3^",  6".  poema  qui  .  .  .  prodigus  emit  Ep.  2 
i^^l    prudens  praetereo  S.  i.  lo'-.     sedulus  importes  Ep.  i.  I3^ 


35 

quodsi  .  .  .  strenuus  anteis  Ep.  i.  2'°,  7''.  si  quid  peccaro  stulhis 
S.  I.  3"",  6'%  2.  6^  Ep.  I.  2-\  14'^  iaciturmis  pasces  Ep.  i.  20''^ 
taciius  aiebam  S.  i.  9'',  2.  5''-,  Ep.  2.  2"".  quid  iuvat  .  .  .  te  argenti 
pondus  .  .  .  timidum  deponere  terra?  S.  i.  i*'.  pono  irzsh'sque 
recede  Ep.  i.  i6''\     at  ille  labetur  in  omne  volubilis  aevum  Ep. 

1.  2''. 

\n  J.:  a)  contrarius  ire  priori  9'\  10"".  praebebit  vati  crebrum 
poppysma  6*'.  fortuihis  cadat  in  terras  .  .  .  ignis  I3^'\  hesiernae 
occurere  cenae  9",  14^'".  cuicumque  (ilia)  est  obvia  6"',  8^"^  10*^. 
si  luditur  alea  pernox  8^°.  imputat  hunc  rex,  et  quamvis  rartmi, 
tamen  imputat  5'^  S''^  lo'^  13^  qui  .  .  .  cubat  in  faciem  .  .  .  supi- 
nus  3-^*°. 

b)  qui  ,  .  .  anxius  optat  10-".  (Hannibal)  cauius  circumagat 
.  .  .  cohortes  7"'\  vivite  contenti  casulis  14"^  improba  natos  .  .  . 
reliquit  6-^  aestuat  (Alexander)  injelix  augusto  limite  mundi 
10^"^  zVa/w^  cadat  in  terras  ...  ignis  1 3'''^^  frange  7;^w^r  calamos 
7",  Io^^^  I3"^  I4*'^  2^^^.  (lHa)  cometen  prima  videt  6^°^  quod 
securus  ames  6"'^  ille  svperbus  incedet  i2^-\  tacihis  .  .  .  recedas 
3^®\  9®*.     praemia  sum  as  tristis  3^',  6'-\ 

2.  Adverbial  Phrases. 

In  H.:  aequo  animo  S.  i.  5^  cum  risu  Ep.  2.  3"''.  ex  viore 
S.  2.  3'^".  hoc  pacto  S.  2.  3"^  in  contraria  S.  i.  2'*.  in  primis 
S.  2.  2'\  omni parte  S.  i.  2^^  pede  fatisto  Ep.  2.  2"^  //^;z^  .  .  . 
cornu  Ep.  i.  12'".    /d?^/  haec  Ep.  i.  8^1    /c^/  hoc  S.  2.  2^'^'',  8'^\  Ep. 

2.  i^'^,  2-1  $^?^<?  .  .  .  loco  Ep.  I.  12-^  ^?^c? .  .  .  modo  Ep.  i.  6^ 
quoczinque  modo  Ep.  i.  i*^.  quo  pacto  {quo  .  .  .  pactd)  S.  i.  4^"'  ^-', 
7^  8^  2.  4^  7-^  Ep.  i.  e\  8^^  I7^  2.  i^"^  recto  more  Ep.  2.  2^^\ 
sine  sensu  S.  i.  4''.     si7iu  laxo  S.  2.  3^'-.     super  hoc  Ep.  2.  2-^ 

\x\  J.:  ad  hoc  10'".  dextro pede  io\  (?jr  ^z^^  i'^\  /^^t  . .  .  modo 
j^ss,  73_  in  parte  ir^.  in  praecipiti  i^^"^ .  in  primis '^'^^.  omnibus 
in  rebus  9*'".  parte  alia  6* 
13'®.    primo  .  .  .  loco  5'-'. 


36 


Index,  with  Number  of  Times  the  Adverbs  Occur. 

Only  words  of  Part  II  are  included  here,  and  those  of  Part  I 
which  show  striking  disproportion  in  the  number  of  times  they 
occur,  or  else,  in  case  of  a  failure  to  appear  in  one  author,  where 
some  explanation  has  been  offered  for  their  non-appearance. 


abhinc,  H.  2;  p.  6. 
adeo,  H.  4,  J.  15;  p.  23. 
adhuc,  H.  6,  J.  13;  p.  15. 
alias,  H.  3;  p.  16. 
alio,  H.  2 ;  p.  7. 
alioqui,  H.  2;  p.  24. 
aliquando,  J.  3;  p.  16. 
aliter,  H.  i,  J.  4;  p.  24. 
ante,  H.  2,  J.  9;  pp.  6,  16. 
bene,  H.  43,  J.  11 ;  p.  24. 
benigne,  H.  3;  p.  25. 
brevi,  H.  i ;  p.  16. 
breviter,  J.  i ;  p.  16. 
certatim,  H.  i ;  p.  2. 
citius,  J.  2;   p.  31. 
confestim,  H.  i ;  p.  2. 
dehinc,  H.  2;  pp.  6,  16. 
dein,  H.  2,  J.  i ;  p.  17. 
deinceps,  H.  i ;  p.  17. 
deinde,  H.  3,  J.  12  ;  pp.  6,  17. 
demum,  H.  i ;  p.  17. 
denique,  H.  15;  p.  17. 
dextrorsum,  H.  i;   p.  3. 
dudum,  J.  2;  p.  17. 
dulce,  H.  2;  p.  7. 
eo,  H.  9;  p  7. 
equidem,  H.  4;  p.  31. 
extra,  H.  i ;  p.  6  (cf.  7). 
ferme,  J.  2;  p.  5. 
foras,  H.  2;  p.  8. 
foris,  H.  2,  J.  2;  p.  8. 
forsan,  J.  2;  p.  30. 
forsit,  H.  i;  p.  30. 
forsitan,  J.  6;   p.  30. 


fortasse,  H.  4,  J.  5;  p.  30. 
fortassis,  H.  2;   p.  31. 
frustra,  H.  8;  p.  25. 
furtim,  H.  5;  p.  2. 
grande,  J.  i ;  p.  7. 
hac,  H.  2;  p.  8. 
hactenus,  H.  2;   p.  6. 
baud,  H.  15,  J.  8;   p.  32. 
hie,  H.  17,  J.  25;  p.  8. 
hinc,  H.  14,  J.  19;  p.  8. 
hodie,  H.  9,  J.  6  ;  p.  17. 
hue,  H.  9,  J.  3:  p.  9. 
humane,  H.  i;  p.  25. 
iam,  H.  33,  J.  97;  p.  18. 
ibi,J.  7;  p.  9. 
ibidem,  J.  i ;  p.  9. 
illic,  H.  4,  J.  17;  p.  9. 
illinc,  H.  I,  J.  4;  p.  10. 
illuc,  H.  5,  J.  3;  p.  10. 
inde,  H.  8.  J.  40;  p.  10. 
interea,  H.  2,  J.  14;  p.  19. 
interius,  J.  i ;  p.  12. 
intra,  H.  i ;  pp.  6,  7. 
introrsum,  H.  2;  p.  3. 
intus,  H.  7,  J.  I ;  p.  12. 
istic,  H.  I,  J.  I ;   p.  12. 
islinc,  H.  2,  J.  i ;  p.  12. 
ita',  H.  23,  J.  4;  p.  25. 
item,  H.  2;  p.  26. 
longe,  H,  9,  J.  8;  p.  26. 
male,  H.  28,  J.  4;  p.  26. 
modo,  H.  18,  J.  19;  p.  19. 
multo,  H.  7,  J.  I ;  p.  27. 
multum,  H.  12,  J.  5;  p.  27. 


37 


nequaquam,  H.  2;  p.  27, 
nequiquam,  H.  2,  J.  i;  p.  27. 
nimis,  H.  6,  J.  i ;  p.  27. 
nimium,  H.  7 ;  p.  27. 
nusquam,  H.  4,  J.  2;  p.  12. 
obiter,  J.  2;  p.  13. 
ocius,  H.  3,  J.  4;  p.  31. 
olim,  H.  23,  J.  19;  p.  19. 
pariter,  H.  4,  J.  11;  p.  27. 
parum,  H.  3;  p.  27. 
passim,  H.  2;  p.  13. 
peregre,  H.  2;  p.  13. 
perraro,  H,  i ;  p.  7. 
persaepe,  H.  3;  p.  7. 
plerumque,  H.  6,  J.  i ;  p.  32. 
populariter,  J.  i ;  p.  4. 
porro,  H.  4,  J.  4;  p.  13. 
post,  H.  8,  J.  i;  pp.  6,  7,  13. 
postmodo,  H.  i;  p.  6. 
potenter,  H.  i ;  p.  5. 
praeterea,  H.  3,  J.  11;  p.  33. 
prave,  H.  4;  p.  27. 
procul,  H.  7,  J.  6;  p.  13. 
prodigialiter,  H.  i ;  p.  5. 
prope,  H.  16,  J.  I ;  p.  14. 
protinus,  H.  3,  J.  7 ;  pp.  6,  20. 
pulchre,  H.  2;  p.  28. 
qua,  H.  4,  J.  i;  p.  14. 
quando,  H.  17,  J.  23;  p.  20. 
quandocumque,  H.  3:  p^p.  4,  20. 
quandoque,  H.  i,  J.  3;  p.  20. 
quandoquidem,  J.  3;  p.  7. 
qui,  H.  15;  p.  28. 
quidem,  H.  4,  J.  9;  p.  33. 
quo,  H.  30,  J.  6;  p,  14, 
quoad,  H.  i ;  p.  21. 
quondam,  H.  7,  J.  7;  p.  21. 
quorsum,  H.  5;  pp.  3,  14. 
quotiens,  H.  3,  J.  19;  p.  21. 
raro,  H.  4;  p.  21. 
recte,  H.  33,  J.  i ;  p.  28. 


repente,  J.  2;  p.  21. 
retrorsum,  H.  2;  p.  3. 
secus,  H.  i;  p,  28. 
semel,  H.  14,  J.  5  ;  p.  21. 
sic,  H.  60,  J.  26;  p.  28. 
sicut,  H.  2,  J.  6;  p.  29. 
simul,  H.  27;   p.  22. 
singultim,  H.  1;  p.  2. 
sinistra,  H.  i ;  p.  5. 
sinistrorsum,  H.  i;  p.  3. 
Suave,  H.  I ;  p.  7. 
subinde,  H.  2;  p.  6. 
super,  H.  3;  p.  7. 
superne,  H.  2;  p.  14. 
tarn,  H.  13,  J.  25;  p.  29. 
tandem,  H.  7,  J.  11 ;  p.  22. 
tantum,  H.  14,  J.  26;  p.  30. 
temere,  H.  6;  p.  31. 
tributim,  H.  i ;  p.  2. 
triste,  H.  i ;  p,  7. 
tum,  H.  15,  J.  3;  p.  23. 
tunc,  H.  3,  J.  34;  p.  23. 
ubi  {loci),  H.  II,  J.  16;  p.  14. 
ubi  (temp.),  H.  29,  J.  i ;  p.  23. 
ubicumque,  H.  2,  J.  i;  p.  15. 
ubivis,  H.  I ;  p.  7. 
nnde{mter.),  H.  13,  J.  14;  p.  15. 
unde  {rel.),  H.  13,  J.  16;  p.  15. 
usquam,  H.  4,  T.  3;  p.  15. 
usque,  H.  17,  J.  8;  p.  33. 
ut  {niodi),  H.  7;  p.  30. 
ut  {temp.),  H.  10,  J.  2;  p.  23. 
utcumque,  J.  i;  p.  30. 
ulpote,  H.  4;  p.  33. 
utrobique,  H.  i ;  p.  15. 
valde,  H.  2;  p.  30. 
velut,  H.  14,  J.  6;  p.  30. 
veluti,  H.  9,  J.  i;  p.  30. 
verniliter,  II.  i ;  p.  4. 
viritim,  H.  i;  p.  2. 


tr.  aesk  from  which  borrowed. 


%9H 


56OB 


2^^vDE^| 


I.D21-100m-ll.'49(B7l46sl6)476 


739958 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


